| A | B |
|---|
| Puritans | preachers tried to root out godlessness and impose a "rule of saints", felt that every Christian, rich and poor, must be able to read the Bible, encouraged education for all people |
| The Long Parliament | The 1640 Parliament - because it lasted on and off until 1653. Triggered the greatest political revolution in English history, |
| The English Civil War | Civil War that followed the Long Parliament, was a major challenge to absolutism, revolution forces won in England, brought a social revolution as well as a political one |
| execution of Charles I | Charles I was an absolute monarch, ruled nation without Parliament for 11 years, created enemies, Parliament set up court to put him on trial, condemned him to death as a tyrant, traitor, murderer. On the scaffold, he declared, "I am a martyr of the people." First time a king had been executed by his own people |
| the Commonwealth | what England was called after Charles I's death, a republic under the leadership of Oliver Cromwell |
| the "rule of saints" | what Puritan preachers tried to impose to get out godlessness |
| the Restoration | when Parliament invited Charles II to return to England from exile, the restoration of a monarchy |
| the Glorious Revolution | The bloodless overthrown of James II when William and Mary became rulers of England |
| the English Bill of Rights | the acts of Parliament that William and Mary had to accept before they could be crowned, included the superiority of Parliament over the monarchy. required the monarch to summon Parliament regularly and gave the House of Commons the "power of the purse" . Barred any Roman Catholic from being king/queen. Affirmed habeas corpus |
| habeas corpus | no person could be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime |
| limited monarchy | government where a monarch's powers are limited |
| balance of power | a distribution of military ad economic power that would prevent any one nation from dominating Europe |
| divine right | belief that a ruler's authority comes directly from God |
| Battle of Lepanto | Spain's defeat of an Ottoman fleet off the coast of Greece (under Philip II) |
| Spanish Armada | Spain's fleet of ships that had been strong in mid 1500s, finally was defeated by Queen Elizabeth (England) |
| St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre | happened in France when more than 3000 Huguenots were killed as they gathered for a royal wedding along with Catholic nobles |
| Edict of Nantes | Issued by Henry IV marked the end of France's Wars of Religion |
| The Fronde | The Fronde began in January 1648, when the Paris mob used children's slings (frondes) to hurl stones at the windows of Mazarin's associates. |
| War of Spanish Succession | England and neighboring nations fought to prevent the union of France and Spain |
| Treaty of Utrecht | ended the War of the Spanish Succession |
| Petition of Right | prohibited the king from raising taxes without Parliament's consent or from jailing anyone without a legal reason |
| Defenestration of Prague | marked the beginning of the Thirty Years' War |
| Thirty Years' War | series of wars that began in Bohemia where Ferdinand sought to suppress Protestants and assert royal power over nobles |
| Peace of Westphalia | series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War |
| War of Austrian Succession | Frederick II seized the Hapsburg province of Silesia and it sparked the 8 year war |
| Great Northern War | Russia's long war against Sweden that they won |
| Building of St. Petersburg | Peter the Great built this magnificent capital city in Western Style |
| Partition of Poland | what happened to Poland when Russia, Prussia and Austria divided it up because it wasn't strong enough |
| absolute monarch | ruler with complete authority over the government and lives of the people |
| Armada | Spanish naval fleet |
| intendant | official appointed by French king Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers |
| levee | rising |
| mercenary | soldier serving in a foreign army for pay |
| electors | one of 7 German princes who would choose the Holy Roman emperor |
| depopulation | reduction of the number of people in an area |
| junkers | Prussian noble class, Frederick William I gained their loyalty |
| westernization | adoption of western ideas, technology, culture |
| autocratic | having unlimited power |
| boyars | landowning nobles in Russia under the tsars |
| warm-water port | port that is free of ice year round |
