| A | B |
|---|
| Ethics defined | A rational process founded on certain agreed-on principles. Less about right or wrong, more about conflict between compelling choices |
| Bok's Three-step Analysis | 1. Consult your conscience: How do you feel about the action? 2. Alternatives: another way to get the same goal without raising an ethical issue? 3. Public ethical dialogue: How will others respond to that proposed act? |
| Aristotle's Golden Mean | “Virtue lies at the mean between two extremes of excess and deficiency.” This does not refer to a perfect average of ethics, or a place in the middle. The answer will just lie somewhere in between the two. |
| Kant's Categorical Imperative | See the person as an end, not as a means. People may act morally from a sense of duty. |
| Universal law | Kant: says that universal law can be applied to everyone |
| Mill's Utilitarianism | Focuses on the consequences of actions. Most happiness, least suffering (maximize value, minimize loss). No one person’s happiness exceeds another’s |
| Ross's Theory of Pluralistic Values | Competing ethical values; right (actions motivated by correct reasons) vs. good (objective quality present in all acts) |
| Ross's Duties | Moral weight defined by personal nature of duty. Fidelity, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement |
| Prima facie | right because of the nature of the act |
| Duty proper | actual duties paramount to a given circumstance |
| Communitarianism | Holistic, aggregated consequences. The sum of the individual choices on the community. Civic journalism |
| Journalistic imparative | tell the story to make a point |
| Ethical news values | What you want a journalist to employ: Sufficiency (thorough), Equity (justice for all), Community (social good), Diversity (all audiences) |
| Quality of news | Proximity, timeliness, conflict, consequences, prominence, rarity, change, concreteness, action, personality |
| Manufacturing news | Discoveries and firsts are emphasized over the process: new hope or no hope |
| Truth | Individualistic, seeing is believing |
| Plato on truth | Sait it was only knowable to human intellect and cannot be touched or verified |
| Enlightenment construction of truth | Modern journalists idea of truth. Correspondence theory says truth corresponds to external factors. John Milton. More scientific |
| Pragmatist view of truth | Truth depends on who's writing and how, varies with the receiver, sender and context. Knowledge and reality are not fixed but the result of something |
| Postmodernism view of truth | Journalism rejects this. Outgrowth of pragmatism, says that truth is unknowable; reality is a false consciousness founded on invalid assumptions in a chaotic environment |
| Objectivity | divorce fact from opinion, stemmed from yellow journalism, attainable under enlightenment construction of truth |
| Diversity in truth | multiple sides of the story |
| Lippman | "We do not see and then define; we define first, and then we see," meaning we see a person and mentally put them in a category |
| Denni Elliot's myths: | 1. "Every opinion is valid"; the best opinion is an analysis of fact and theory/addresses morally relevant factors. 2. "Since we can't agree on an answer, there isn't one"; identify and agree on which actions are out of bounds. 3. "Doesn't matter if you come up with the ethical thing to do, since people ultimately act out of their own self-interest"; acting in short-tern interest, you won't last long |
| Eyewash | Stock photos or file photos, sometimes used without consent of the subject |
| Mirror vs. Window | Mirror: things can be manipulated Window: reality as a medium, removal of bias |
| Harold Lasswell | Political scientist who defied communication (Who, says what, to whom, through which channel, to what effect) |
| Schramm's Model of Mass Communication | Decoder to Interpreter to Encoder; then many identical messages to to the mass audience. Many receivers decode, interperate and then encode, delayed infereitial feedback goes back to the original decoders |
| Interferential feedback | indirect feedback |
| Culture | is learned, socially acquired traditions and lifestyles. Constructed and maintained through interactions with others |
| Effects of culture | Limiting and liberating: can limit our opinions but provide useful guidelines for behavior; liberating because culture can be contested and provide space for debate |
| Mass Communication and culture | Provides a public forum for debate |
| Technological determinism | The belief that machines and the development of technology drives economic and cultural change |
| Third-person effect | When you think the media influences others but not you |
| Media literacy | the ability to effectively and efficiently comprehend and use any form of communication |
| Media platform | any source of media; blog, newspaper, news, etc. |
| Gutenburg | Developed a movable metal type known as the printing press in 1446 |
| Dime novels | Irwin and Erastus Beadle published dime or pulp novels in 1860 (NOT the first paperbacks) |
| Penguine | Founded in 1935 by Allen Lane, who invented the paperback |
| What does Fahrenheit 451 mean? | the temperature at which paper burns |
| Lessons of Harry Potter | Resonates with young people because it goes beyond cultural boundaries. |
| Cultural values of books, magazines and newspapers | Agents of social and cultural change, windows to the past, entertainment/escape, source of personal development |
| The Penny Press | Sept 3, 1833 issue of the New York Sun was the first example of the penny press; it only cost a cent. Penny press set up the reader as a product |
| Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments of the US Constitution |
| The First Amendment | Guarantees the right to freedom of speech and expression |
| Andrew Hamilton | Philadelphia lawyer who argued truth as a defense against libel |
| Yellow Journalism | Considered the "new journalism" in 1883, credited to Joseph pulitzer. Sensationalist news, big headlines, heavy use of color, illustrations and cartoons |
| Joint operating agreements | allowed failing papers to share facilities with others. 1970 newspaper preservation act was created due to the rise of technology |
| Conglomeration | Large conglomerate companies now dominate most of the publishing industry |
| Stamp Act of 1765 | Caused printers to revolt, was designed by England to silence the colonies. Wanted government seal on paper for printing |
| Duirnals | "pertaining to the day," were forerunners of daily newspapers |
| Saturday Evening Post | Appeared in 1821, continued for 148 years |
| Postal Act of 1879 | allowed mailing magazines at a cheaper, second-class postage rate |
| Muckraking | Roosevelt coined the term for magazine writers who wrote about public policy and social change |
| Trade, professional and business magazines | Targets a specific professiona |
| Industrial, company and sponsored magazines | Produced by companies for employees, customers and stockholders |
| Consumer magazines | Sold by subscriptions and newsstands |
| What was America's first national mass medium? | Magazines |
| Circulation is monitored by whom? | Audit Bureau of Circulation: an objective source |
| Advertorials | Resemble editorial content but are paid advertisements; carry a disclaimer |
