| A | B |
|---|
| Heliocentric | Sun centered model of the universe |
| Catholic Church | The leading and dominant of all Christian faiths in early Renaissance Europe |
| Printing Press | The invention that helped spread ideas and technology during the Renaissance and beyond. |
| Lutheranism | Religion that tought salvation could be gained through faith alone, the bible was the sole source of religious truth, and that the Catholic Churches' priests and hierarchy did not have special powers |
| Predestination | Calvin's theory that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation |
| Scientific Method | the use of mathematical calculations to convert observations into fact |
| 95 Theses | List of arguments against indulgences |
| Theocracy | government where laws are created in accordance with a religion |
| Monarchy | government where a king or queen exercise central power |
| Italian Renassaince | the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. |
| Da Vinci | Most famous artist of the Renassaince era |
| Black Death | The plague that ravaged Europe |
| Utopia | an ideal place or state |
| Northern Renassaince | The age of change that began 100 years after the Italian Rennassaince in France, Belgium, and the Netherlans |
| Protestant | Christian church that "protested" papal authority |
| Reformation | To reform |
| Humanism | Intellectual Movement at the heart of the Italian renassaince that focused on worldly subjects rather than on religious issues |
| Indulgences | pardon for sins according to the Roman Catholic Church |
| irrigation | to supply water to crops |
| cuneiform | world's first writing system |
| Mesopotamia | "land between two rivers" |
| Hammurabi | Babylonian emperor who create the first written code of laws |
| polytheism | belief in many gods |
| scribes | a writer |
| ziggurat | pyramid-shaped temple in Mesopotamia |
| Justinian | powerful ruler of Byzantine Empire |
| Justinian Code | Body of Roman law |
| Hagia Sophia | Church destroyed by rioters and rebulit by Justinian |
| patriarch | leader of the Eastern church |
| icon | religious image used in practices by eastern Christians |
| excommunication | formal declaration that someone is no longer a member of the church |
| Slavs | people from the forests north of the Black Sea |
| Vladimir | ordered all of his subjects to adopt Christianity |
| Ivan III | Moscow prince who led rebellion against Mongol rule |
| The Nile River | the longest river in the world- located in Africa |
| hieroglyphics | writing developed by the Nile River people using pictures or symbols to represent words and sounds |
| papyrus | a kind of paper made by the Egyptians from the stem of the papyrus plant |
| dynasty | a family of rulers |
| pharaohs | dynastic religious and polictical rulers |
| empires | a form of government inwhich an individual or single people ruled over many other peoples and their territories |
| polytheism | a believe in many gods |
| monotheism | a believe in one god |
| scribes | an elite group of educated people |
| mummification | a process of preserving a dead body |
| caravans | groups of people traveling together for safety long distances |
| cuneiforms | a form of Sumerian writing developed from pictographic writing |
| arch | a curved structure over an opening |
| ziggurats | Sumerian temples |
| city-state | a form of community developed by the Sumerians which included the town or city and the surrounding area |
| Sargon | a powerful Akkadian king |
| Hammurabi | a strong ruler of Babylon |
| Nebuchadnezzar | a Chaldean ruler who conquered most of the Fertile Cresent |
| Cyrus | a Perisan ruler |
| Zoroaster | a great Perisan phophet |
| barter | the exchange of one good or service for another |
| commodities | goods that have value |
| money economy | the use of money that allowed traders to set prices for goods and services |
| Hebrews | ancestors of modern Jews |
| Abraham | the founder of the Hebrew people |
| The Twelve Tribes of Israel | the tribes of people ruled by the twelve sons of Abrahams grandson Jacob |
| Moses | a man who lead the enslaved Hebrew out of Egypt |
| covenants | a solemn agreement entered into by the Hebrews when they agreed to follow the Ten Commandments |
| Exodus | the escape of the Hebrews out of Egypt |
| Saul | The first king of the united kingdom of Eygpt |
| David | the king of Eygpt who succeeded Saul |
| Solomon | King David's son who succeeded him as King of Egypt |
| Torah | the first five books of the Bible |
