| A | B |
|---|
| labor union | an organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members |
| strike | an organized work stoppage intended to force an employer to address union demands |
| industrial union | an organization of workers in a variety of occupations within a single industry |
| craft union | an organization of workers in a single occupation, or craft |
| right-to-work law | a measure that bans mandatory union membership |
| blue-collar worker | someone who works in an industrial job, often in manufacturing, and who receives wages |
| white-collar worker | someone in a professional or clerical job who usually earns a salary |
| closed shop | a workplace that hires only union members |
| union shop | a workplace that will hire nonunion memabers but requires them to join the union within a certain period of time |
| agency shop | a workplace that will hire nonunion workers and does not require them to join the union |
| collective bargaining | the process in which union and company representatives meet to negotiate a new labor contract. |
| mediation | a settlement technique in which a neutral mediator meets with each side to try to find a sollution that both sides will accept |
| arbitration | a settlement technique in which a third party reviews the case and imposes a decision that is legally binding for both sides. |
| labor force | all nonmilitary people who are employed or unemployed |
| productivity | value of output |
| equilibrium wage | the wage rate that produces neither an excess supply of workers nor an excess demand for workers in the labor market |
| unskilled labor | labor that requires no specialized skills, educaiton , or training |
| semi-skilled labor | labor that requires minimal specialized skills and education |
| skilled labor | labor that requires specialized skills and training |
| professional labor | labor that requires advanced skills and education. |
| affirmative action | the use of policies, programs, and procedures to ensure the inclusion of minorities and women in job hiring, college admission, and the awarding of government contracts |
| glass ceiling | an unofficial, invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from advancing in businesses dominated by white men |
| featherbedding | the practice of negotiating labor contracts that keep unnecessary workers on a company's payroll |
| learning effect | the theory that education increases productivity and results in higher wages. |
| screening effect | the theory that the completion of college indicates to employers that a job applicant is intelligent and hard-working |
| contingent employment | a temporary or part-time job |
