| A | B |
|---|
| Population | During this time period, population was doubling about ever 25 years |
| Central authority | Most Americans viewed it as something to be distrusted, curbed, watched, a necessary evil. |
| Rural (farms) | At this time, 90% of nation's population lived in rural areas. |
| Individual Rights | Main complaint about the constitution. It was not included. |
| Bill of Rights | Added to the constitution to protect individual rights and appease the anti-federalists. |
| G.R.A.S.P. | First Amendment of the Bill of Rights. People have the right to grievances (complaints), freedom of religion, freedom to assemble (gather in groups), freedom of speech, and freedom of the press. |
| Second Amendment | People have the right to bear arms (own weapons). |
| ALexander Hamilton | Secretary of the Treasury, "Father of the National Debt", enjoyed the support of the wealthy for his programs. |
| Tenth Amendment | "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." Also, called the state's right amendment because it gives all rights not specified in the Constitution to the states and individuals. |
| Elastic Clause | Found in the U.S. Constitution, this clause empowers Congress to make laws that are "necessary and proper" for carrying out its powers. Significant: It allows the Constitution to adjust to new times, technologies, people and makes the constitution a "living" document. |
| protective tarriffs | Taxes placed on foreign goods so that American made (domestic goods) would hae a better chance of selling. |
| Custom duties | Tariffs (often called customs) were by far the largest source of federal revenue from the 1790s to the eve of World War I, until they were replaced by income tax. |
| Political Parties | despite a belief that parties were evil and posed a threat to enlightened government, the nation's first political parties emerged in the mid-1790s. The first two opposing parties were the Federalists and the Republicans. |
| Federalists | under the leadership of George Washington, John Adams, and Alexander Hamilton, feared that their opponents wanted to destroy the Union, subvert morality and property rights, and ally the United States with revolutionary France. |
| The Republicans | under the leadership of Thomas Jefferson, feared that the Federalists were trying to establish a corrupt monarchical society, like the one that existed in Britain, with a standing army, high taxes, and government-subsidized monopolies. |
| Whiskey Rebellion | To help pay off the nation's debt, Congress passed a tax on whiskey. Some 7,000 frontiersmen marched on Pittsburgh to stop collection of the tax. Determined to set a precedent for the federal government's authority, Washington gathered an army of 15,000 militamen to disperse the rebels. In the face of this overwhelming force, the uprising collapsed. The new government had proved that it would enforce laws enacted by Congress. |
| the doctrine of "implied powers." | Hamilton argument that Congress had the power to create a bank because the Constitution granted the federal government authority to do anything "necessary and proper" to carry out its constitutional functions. |
| Bank of the United States | Part of Hamilton's financial vision for the new nation. It was modeled after the Bank of England. A national bank would collect taxes, hold government funds, and make loans to the government and borrowers. Jefferson and Madison charged that the bank was unconstitutional. |
| Thomas Jefferson | The most eloquent opposition to Hamilton's proposals. Jefferson believed that Hamilton's emphasis on manufacturing threatened the values of an agrarian way of life. |
| Crises of 1793 & 1794 | 1) France tried to entangle America in its war with England 2) Armed rebellion erupted in western Pennsylvania 3) Indians in Ohio threatened American expansion 4) War with Britain appeared imminent. |
| The Genet Affair | a French minister, Edmond Charles Genet, arrived in the United States and tried to persuade American citizens to join in revolutionary France's "war of all peoples against all kings." Genet passed out letters authorizing Americans to attack British commercial vessels. Genet's actions threatend American Neutrality and Genet was sent back to France by an angry Washington. |
| Election of 1796 | The election of 1796 was the first in which voters could choose between competing political parties. It was also the first test of whether the nation could transfer power through a contested election. The nation changed power without bloodshed. |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | organized a federal court system, which consisted of a Supreme Court with six justices, a district court in each state, and three appeals courts. |
| The US Constititution | created a general framework of government. It would be up to the first president and first Congress to fill in the details. A set of directions to follow to ensure stablity and democracy. |
| National Debt | The most pressing problem of the new nation and tackled by Alexander Hamilton's fiscal programs. |
| John Jay | First Supreme Court Justice |
| Neutrality Proclamation of 1793. | England and France go to war with each other. The US is asked to choose sides. Washingto issues the Proclamation that states the US is neutral and enocurages all citizens to act like we are neutral. |
| Quasi War with France, 1798 | France was illegally seizing US merchant ships resulting in million dollar losses. This led to an undeclared naval war with France that leds to the XYZ Affair and Jay's Treaty |
| War between England and France | Sets off a chain reaction. Each side asked the US to be on their side. Each side violated freedom of the seas by seizing US merchant ships. The English were routiney kidnapping US sailors and impressing them into service for the British Navy. |
| Hamilton's view of the England v. France war | Don't disrupt trade because custom duties from BOTH countries were helping to pay off the national debt. |
| Jay's Treaty 1794 | Issued to avert an all out war with England due to British impressment of US sailors, British still occupying forts in the western US, and sezing US ships. The treaty eliminated British control of western posts within two years, established America's claim for damages from British ship seizures, and provided America a limited right to trade in the West Indies. |
| Loose constructionism or implied powers | Term applied to the constitutional phrase "congress shall do all things necessary and proper." Also referred to the elastic clause. |
| Pinckney Treaty | Treaty between the US and Spain. played a major role in the expansion of the infant nation's boundaries and opened up the Mississippi River to American navigation. |
| Washington's Farewell Adress | Speech given as he is leaving the office of president. He warns the nation to stay out of "entangling alliances" because they are always based in selfish interests. This was as reoccuring theme throughout his presidency (i.e. Neutrality Proclamation). |
| Democratic-Republicans | an American political party founded in the early 1790s by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. the party was the concrete realization of Jeffersonian democracy. It was formed first in Congress and then in every state to contest elections and oppose the programs of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. During the election of 1796 the party used John Jay's treaty as a rallying cry. |
| Relations with France in the 1790s | Directed at John Jay's Treaty between the US and England. Also, France was seizing US merchant ships. |
| X,Y, Z Affair | The XYZ Affair was a diplomatic incident that almost led to war between the United States and France. The scandal inflamed U.S. public opinion and led to the passage of the ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS of 1798 (1 Stat. 570, 596). Though the affair caused an unofficial naval war, the two countries were able to negotiate their differences and end their conflict in 1800 because Napoleon didnt need the distraction of the US while he was seeking greater power in Europe. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | In 1798, the Federalist-controlled Congress passed four acts to empower the president of the United States to expel dangerous ALIENS from the country; to give the president authority to arrest, detain, and deport resident aliens hailing from enemy countries during times of war; to lengthen the period of naturalization for immigrants, and to silence Republican criticism of the FEDERALIST PARTY. |
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | Written in response to the Alien and Seditions laws that attacked the freedom of speech guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. |
| compact theory | Idea that the central government only existed because it was created by the states. Therefore, the states would be sovereign. |
| Jeffersonian Republicans | The Jeffersonian Republicans placed their faith in the virtues of an agrarian democracy. They believed that the greatest threat to liberty was posed by a tyrannical central government and that power in the hands of the common people was preferred. The Jeffersonians began using the name Democratic-Republicans in 1796, and would later shorten it to Republicans. During the time of Andrew Jackson they became the Democratic Party. |
| Opinions on French Revolution | Federalists wanted nothing to do with it. Jeffersonian Republicans applauded the French Revolution, which claimed the American Revolution as its model, but decried its bloody excesses. The Jeffersonian-Republicans opposed the Jay's Treaty (1795) as excessively pro-British. |
