| A | B |
|---|
| components of cardiovascular system | heart, blood, blood vessels |
| function of cardiovascular system | is to nourish the body by transporting nutrients and oxygen to the cells and removing carbon dioxide and other waste products |
| location of heart | located behind the sternum (breast bone) and between the lungs |
| structure of heart | muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a fist with two upper chambers (atriums) and two lower chambers (ventricles) |
| function of right atrium | receives blood returning from the body entering the veins |
| function of left atrium | receives blood from the lungs |
| function of left ventricle | pumps blood through the arteries from the heart back to the body tissue |
| function of right ventricle | pump blood to the lungs |
| atrioventricular valves | consists of the tricuspid and mitral valves, which lie between the right atrium and the right ventricle and the left atrium and left ventricle, respectively |
| semilunar valves | consists of pulmonary and aortic valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta, respectively |
| pericardium | two layer sac, one lining the fibrous pericardium and one covering the heart with serous fluid in between |
| three layers of the heart | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| epicardium | layer of the heart that covers it |
| myocardium | middle, thick, muscular layer of the heart |
| endocardium | inner lining of the heart |
| blood vessels | tube-like structures that carry blood throughout the body |
| arteries | blood vessels that carry blood AWAY from the heart that usually carry oxygen and other nutrients from the heart to the body cells |
| function of pulmonary artery | carries carbon dioxide and other waste products from the heart to the lungs |
| arterioles | smallest arteries |
| aorta | largest artery in the body, originating at the left ventricle and descending through the thorax and abdomen |
| veins | blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart that usually carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products |
| function of pulmonary vein | carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart |
| venules | smallest veins |
| venae cavae | largest veins in the body |
| inferior vena cava | carries blood to the heart from body parts below diaphragm |
| superior vena cava | returns blood to the heart from the upper part of the body |
| capillaries | microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules where materials are passed between the blood and tissue |
| components of blood | plasma and formed elements such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes (platelets) |
| plasma | clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended; ~90% is water |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells that carry oxygen and are formed in bone marrow |
| leukocytes | white blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation |
| platelets (thrombocytes) | one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process |
| serum | clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed |
| components of lymphatic system | lymph transported through lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, and thymus gland |
| functions of the lymphatic system | to return excessive tissue fluid to the blood, absorb fat and fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine and transport them to the blood, and provide defense against infection |
| lymph | transparent, usually colorless, tissue fluid that flows in one direction toward the heart |
| lymphatic vessels | transport lymph from body tissues to the chest, where it enters the cardiovascular system |
| structure of lymph nodes | small, spherical bodies composed of lymphatic tissue that are singular or grouped together along the path of the lymph vessels |
| functions of lymph nodes | filter lymph to keep substances such as bacteria & foreign agents from entering the body & produce lymphocytes |
| structure of the spleen | largest lymphatic organ in the body located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm |
| function of the spleen | blood is cleansed of microorganism after it flows through it because it stops blood and destroys worn out red blood cells |
| structure of thymus gland | primary lymphatic organ located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs |
| function of thymus gland | plays an important role in the development of the body’s immune system |
| immune system function | protects the body against pathogens, foreign agents that cause allergic reactions, toxins, and abnormal body cells |
| brady- | slow |
| -ac | pertaining to |
| -apheresis | removal |
| -graph | instrument used to record |
| -penia | abnormal reduction in numbers |
| -poiesis | formation |
| -sclerosis | hardening |
| angi/o | vessel (usually refers to blood vessel) |
| aort/o | aorta |
| arteri/o | artery |
| atri/o | atrium |
| cardi/o | heart |
| lympaden/o | lymph node |
| lymph/o | lymph |
| myel/o | bone marrow; spinal cord |
| phleb/o; ven/o | vein |
| plasm/o | plasma |
| splen/o | spleen |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| valv/o; valvul/o | valve |
| ventricul/o | ventricle |
| ather/o | yellowish, fatty plaque |
| ech/o | sound |
| electr/o | electricity, electrical activity |
| isch/o | deficiency, blockage |
| therm/o | heat |
| thromb/o | clot |
| angioma | tumor composed of blood vessels |
| angiostenosis | narrowing of a blood vessel |
| aortic stenosis | narrowing of the aortic valve |
| arteriosclerosis | hardening of the arteries |
| atherosclerosis | hardening of fatty plaque deposited on the arterial wall |
| bradycardia | condition of a slow heart rate (less than 60 beats per minute) |
| cardiomegaly | enlargement of the heart |
| cardiomyopathy | disease of the heart muscles |
| endocarditis | inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (particularly heart valves) |
| ischemia | deficiency of blood flow |
| myocarditis | inflammation of the muscle of the heart |
| pericarditis | inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart |
| phlebitis | inflammation of a vein |
| polyarteritis | inflammation of many sites of the arteries |
| tachycardia | rapid heart rate (rate of more than 100 beats per minute) |
| thrombophlebitis | inflammation of a vein associated with a clot |
| valvulitis | inflammation of a valve of the heart |
| hematoma | collection of blood resulting from a broken vessel |
| multiple myeloma | tumors of the bone marrow |
| pancytopenia | abnormal reduction of all blood cells |
| thrombosis | abnormal condition of a blood clot |
| thrombus | blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein |
| lymphadenitis | inflammation of the lymph nodes |
| lymphadenopathy | disease of the lymph nodes characterized by abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes associated with an infection of malignancy |
| lymphoma | malignant tumor of lymphatic tissue |
| splenomegaly | enlargement of the spleen |
| thymoma | tumor of the thymus gland |
| acute coronary syndrome (ACS) | sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction |
| aneurysm | ballooning or a weakened portion of an arterial wall |
| angina pectoris | chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle |
| arrhythmia | any disturbance or abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern |
| atrial fibrillation (aFib) | a cardiac arrhythmia characterized by chaotic, rapid electrical impulses in the atria |
| cardiac arrest | sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR |
| cardiac tamponade | acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity |
| coarctation of the aorta | congenital cardiac condition characterized by narrowing of the aorta |
| congenital heart disease | heart abnormality present at birth |
| congestive heart failure (CHF) | inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs when nutrients and oxygen |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | a condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries on the myocardium, denying the myocardial tissue of sufficient oxygen and nutrition to function fully |
| coronary occlusion | obstruction of an artery of the heart, usually from atherosclerosis that can lead to acute myocardial infection |
| deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body, often in the lower extremities |
| hypertensive heart disease (HHD) | disorder of the heart brought about by persistent high blood pressure |
| intermittent claudication | pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking |
| mitral valve stenosis | a narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring |
| myocardial infarction (MI) | necrosis of a portion of the myocardial muscle caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply (also known as a heart attack) |
| peripheral arterial disease (PAD) | disease of the arteries, other than those of the heart and brain, that affect blood circulation |
| rheumatic heart disease | damage to the heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever |
| varicose veins | distended or tortuous veins usually in the lower extremities |
| anemia | reduction in the amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells |
| embolus | blood clot or foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation |
| hemophilia | inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII |
| leukemia | malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal white blood cells formed in the bone marrow |
| sepsis | a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms, usually bacteria, enter the bloodstream, causing a systemic inflammatory response to the infection |
| Hodgkin disease | malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually beginning in the cervical nodes |
| infectious mononucleosis | an acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and fever |
| angioplasty | surgical repair of a blood vessel |
| atherectomy | excision of plaque from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and a rotary cutter |
| endarterectomy | excision of plaque from the arterial wall |
| pericardiocentesis | surgical procedure used to aspirate fluid from the pericardium |
| phlebectomy | excision of a vein |
| phlebotomy | incision into a vein to remove blood or to give blood or intravenous fluids |
| valvuloplasty | surgical repair of a cardiac or venous valve |
| splenectomy | excision of the spleen |
| splenopexy | surgical fixation of the spleen |
| thymectomy | excision of the thymus gland |
| aneurysmectomy | surgical excision of an aneurysm |
| atrial fibrillation ablation | a procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger atrial fibrillation are destroyed by using radiofrequency energy |
| cardiac pacemaker | battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart tor in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm |
| coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) | surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscles by detouring around blocked arteries |
| coronary stent | a supportive scaffold device implanted in the artery |
| embolectomy | excision of an embolus or clot usually by inflating a balloon catheter beyond the clot, then pulling the balloon back to the incision and bringing the clot with it |
| femoropopliteal bypass | surgery to establish an alternate route from the femoral artery to the popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction |
| implantable cardiac defibrillator | a device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm & deliver an electric shock if necessary |
| intracoronary thrombolytic therapy | an injection of a medication either intravenously or intra-arterially to dissolve blood clots in coronary blood artery |
| percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) | procedure in which a deflated balloon is passed through a blood vessel into a coronary artery to the area where plaque is formed then inflated |
| bone marrow aspiration | a syringe is used to aspirate a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow to study for diagnosis or monitoring |
| bone marrow biopsy | a needle puncture to obtain a sample of bone marrow to study for diagnosis and monitoring |
| bone marrow transplant | infusion of normal bone marrow cells from a donor with matching cells and tissue to a recipient |
| angiography | radiographic imaging of a blood vessel |
| angioscope | instrument used for visual examination of a blood vessel |
| angioscopy | visual examination of a blood vessel |
| aortogram | radiographic image of the aorta after an injection of contrast medium |
| arteriogram | radiographic image of an artery after an injection of contrast medium |
| venogram | radiographic image of the veins after an injection of contrast medium |
| venography | radiographic imaging of a vein after an injection of contrast medium |
| echocardiogram | record of the heart (structure and motion) using sound |
| electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG) | record of the electrical activity of the heart |
| electrocardiograph | instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart |
| electrocardiography | process of recording the electrical activity of the heart |
| digital subtraction angiography (DSA) | a process of digital x-ray imaging of the blood vessels that “subtracts” or removes structures not being studied |
| Doppler ultrasound | a study that uses sound for detection of blood flow within the vessels |
| exercise stress test | a study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill |
| single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) | a nuclear medicine scan that visualizes the heart from several different angles by a tracer substance injected intravenously |
| thallium test | a nuclear medicine test involving injecting thallium intravenously used to diagnose and assess after coronary artery bypass surgery |
| transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) | an ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides views of the heart structures |
| cardiac catheterization | an examination using a catheter to determine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels |
| impedance plethysmography (IPG) | measures venous flow of the extremities with a plethysmograph to detect clots by measuring changes in blood volume and resistance (impedence) in the vein |
| blood pressure (BP) | pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls |
| pulse | the rhythmic expansion of an artery that can be felt with a finger felt at various points of the body |
| sphygmomanometer | device used to measure blood pressure |
| C-reactive protein | a blood test to measure the amount of C-reactive protein in the blood which, when elevated, indicates inflammation in the body |
| creatine phosphokinase (CPK) | a blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase, an enzyme of heart and skeletal muscle released into the blood after muscle injury or necrosis |
| homocysteine | a blood test used to measure the amount of homocysteine in the blood, an amino acid that, if elevated, may indicate an increased risk of cardiovascular disease |
| lipid protein | a blood test used to measure the amount of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides in the blood |
| troponin | a blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme released into the blood after necrosis of the heart muscle |
| coagulation time | blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot |
| complete blood count (CBC) differential count (diff) | basic blood screening that includes tests on hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell morphology (size and shape), leukocyte count, and white blood cell differential (types of WBCs) and platelet count |
| hematocrit (HCT) | a blood test to measure the volume and number of red blood cells |
| hemoglobin (Hgb) | blood test used to determine the concentration of oxygen-carrying components in red blood cells |
| prothrombin time (PT) | blood test used to determine certain coagulation activity defects and to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking Coumadin, an oral anticoagulant medication |
| atrioventricular (AV) | pertaining to the atrium and ventricle |
| cardiac | pertaining to the heart |
| cardiogenic | originating in the heart |
| cardiologist | physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart |
| cardiology | a branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the heart and blood vessels |
| hypothermia | condition of body temperature that is below normal |
| intravenous (IV) | pertaining to within the vein |
| phlebologist | physician who studies and treats diseases of the veins |
| phlebology | a branch of medicine that deals with the veins |
| hematologist | physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood |
| hematology | study of the blood |
| hematopoiesis | formation of blood cells |
| hemolysis | dissolution of red blood cells |
| hemostasis | stoppage of bleeding |
| myelopoesis | formation of bone marrow |
| plasmapheresis | removal of plasma from withdrawn blood |
| thrombolysis | dissolution of a clot |
| cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) | emergency procedure consisting of artificial ventilation and external cardiac massage |
| defribillation | application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm |
| diastole | phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax between contractions |
| diastolic | the lower number of a blood pressure reading |
| extracorporeal | occurring outside the body |
| extravasation | escape of blood from the blood vessel into the tissue |
| fibrillation | rapid, quivering, unsynchronized contraction of the atria and ventricles |
| heart murmur | a short duration humming sound of cardiac or vascular origin |
| hypercholesterolemia | excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood |
| hyperlipidemia | excessive amount of triglycerides & cholesterol in the blood |
| hypertension | blood pressure that is greater than 140/90 |
| hypertriglycerides | excessive amounts of triglycerides in the blood |
| hypotension | blood pressure that is less than 90/60 |
| lipids | fats and fatlike substances that serve as a source of fuel in the body |
| lumen | space within a tubular part or organ such as the space within a blood vessel |
| occlude | to close tightly, to block |
| systole | phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract |
| systolic | the upper number of a blood pressure reading |
| vasoconstrictor | agent or nerve that narrows the blood vessels |
| vasodilator | agent or nerve that enlarges the blood vessels |
| venipuncture | puncture of a vein to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion |
| anticoagulant | agent that slows down the clotting process |
| blood dyscrasia | abnormal or pathological condition of the blood |
| hemorrhage | rapid flow of blood |
| allergen | an environmental substance capable of producing an immediate hypersensitivity in the body |
| allergist | a physician who studies and treats allergic conditions |
| anaphylaxis | an exaggerated, life-threatening reaction to a previously encountered antigen |
| antibiotic | a drug that targets microorganisms to kill or halt growth or replication |
| antibody | a substance produced by lymphocytes that inactivates or destroys antigens |
| antigen | a substance that triggers an immune response when introduced into the body |
| autoimmune disease | a disease causes by the body’s inability to distinguish its own cells from foreign bodies, thus producing antibodies that attack its own tissue |
| immune | being resistant to specific invading pathogens |
| immunodeficiency | deficient immune response caused by the immune system dysfunction brought on by disease or immunosuppressive drugs |
| immunologist | a physician who studies and treats immune system diseases |
| infection | the invasion of pathogens in body tissue |
| phagocytosis | a process in which some of the whole blood cells destroy the invading microorganism and old cells |
| vaccine | a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease |
