| A | B |
|---|
| light microscope | passes light through the specimen |
| resolving power | measure of the clarity of an image |
| organelles | subcellular structures |
| electron microscope | focuses a beam or electrons through the specimen |
| transmission electron microscope | like a light microscope, but uses electromagnets as lenses to focus and magnify the image |
| scanning elestron microscope | used for detailed study of the surface of a specimen |
| cell fractionation | taking cells apart, seperating the major organells so theat the individual functions can be studied |
| centrifuges | instrument used to fractionate cells |
| prokaryotic cells | no nucleus |
| nucleoid | where genetic material is concentrated, but there is no membrane that seperates it from the rest of the cell |
| cytoplasm | the entire region between the nucleus and the membrane bounding the cell |
| cytosol | semifluid medium that makes up the cytoplasm |
| plasma membrane | barrier that allows passage of waste, nutrients, and oxygen to serve the entire volume of the cell |
| nucleus | contains most of the genes that control the eukaryotic cell |
| nuclear lamina | a netlike array of protein filiments that maintains the shape of the nucleus |
| chromatin | made up of DNA and proteins within the nucleus |
| chromosomes | chromitin that has condensed and become thick |
| nucleolus | within the nucleus were ribosomes are synthesized and assembled |
| ribosmoes | sits where the cells make proteins |
| endomembrane system | the collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles |
| endoplasmic reticulum | an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, containing ribosome-studded(rough), and ribosome-free(smooth) regions |
| smooth ER | cytoplasmic surface that lacks ribosomes |
| rough ER | ribosomes stud the cytoplasmic surface of the membrane |
| glycoproteins | proteins that are covalently bonded to carbohydrates |
| transport vesicles | bud from the transitional ER and transit from one part of the cell to another |
| golgi apprattus | center for manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping of a cell |
| lysosome | membrane bound sac of hydrophilic enzymes that the cell uses to digest macromolecules |
| phagocytosis | when protists eat by engulfing smaller or aother food products |
| food vaculoes | fromed by phagocytosis, fuses with a lysosome, and hydrophilic enzymes digest the food |
| contractile vacuoles | pump excess water out of the cell |
| central vacuole | the largest comartment of a plant cell |
| tonoplast | a membrane that encloses the central vacuole in a plant cell, seperating the cytosol from the cell sap |
| mitochondria | site of cellular respiration |
| cellular respitation | catabolic process that generates ATP by extracting energy frim sugars, fats, and other fules witht he help of oxygen |
| chloroplasts | found only in plants and eukaryotic algae; where photosynthesis occures |
| cristae | infoldings in a mitochondrion |
| mitochondrial matrix | enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the Krebs cycle |
| plastids | plant organells that closley relate to chloroplasts |
| thylakoids | flattened sacs within the chloroplast |
| grana | stacks of thylakoids that look like poker chips |
| stroma | fluid outside the thylakoids |
| peroxisome | specialized metabolic compartment bound by a single membrane;contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen producing H2O2 |
| cytoskeleton | network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm |
| microtubules | a hollow rod of tubulin protein in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells and in cillia, flagella, and the cytoskeleton;thickest |
| microfiliments | solid rod of actin protein in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction;thinnest |
| intermediate filiments | a component of the cytoskeleton that includes all filiments intermediate in size between icrotubules and microfiliments;middle range |
| centrosome | region located near the nucleus were microtubules grow out of |
| centriols | nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring within the sentrosome |
| flagella | locomotive appandages that protrude from some cells;undulating motion;large |
| cilia | locomotive appendages that protrude from some cells;oar like; small |
| basal body | anchors the microtubule assambly of a cilium or flagellum |
| dynein | very large proetin that makes up the arms that move cilia and flagella |
| actin | globular protein |
| myosin | a type of protein filiment that interacts with actin filiments to cause cell contraction |
| pseudopodia | cellular extensions that allow "crawling" |
| cytoplasmic streaming | a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells |
| cell wall | feature of a plant cell that distinguishes it from animal cells |
| primary cell wall | thin flexible wall secreted by a young plant |
| middle lamella | thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins in plants |
| secondary cell wall | added by other cells between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall in plants |
| extracellular matrix | the substance in which animal cells are embedded; consists of protein and polysacchrides |
| collagen | most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM of most animal cells that forms strong fibers outside of the cell |
| proteoglycans | glycoproteins that collagen fibers are embedded into |
| fibronectins | glycoproteins that bind to receptor proteins |
| integrins | receptor proteins that are built into the plasma membrane |
| plasmodesmata | an open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells |
| tight junctions | fused to form a seal that prevents leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells |
| desmsomes | function like rivits; reinforced by intermediate filiments |
| gap junctions | provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells |
