| A | B |
|---|
| Pepper moths | Prior to industrial revolution, pepper moths were colored like lichen, after smog coated trees they evolved to be black |
| Antibiotic resistance | Overuse of antibiotics has led to increase in resistant forms of bacteria. |
| Vestigial traits | Characteristics of organisms that have seemingly lost all of most of their original function in a species through evolution. These may take various forms, like anatomical structures and behaviors |
| Reproductive capacity | All populations have the capacity to increase their numbers but cannot increase indefinitely. All individuals will end up competing for resources |
| Biological diversity | An area's sum total of all organisms: the diversity of species, their genes, their populations, their communities |
| Species | A population or group of individuals whose members share characteristics and can produce fertile ofspring |
| Populations | A group of individuals of a species that live in the same area |
| Allopatric speciation | Species formation due to physical separation of populations |
| Sympatric speciacion | species form from populations that become reproductively isolated within the same area (feed in different areas, made in different seasons) |
| Phylogenic trees | Represents history of species divergence. Scientists can trace when certain traits evolved/show relationships between species |
| Artificial selection | the process of selection conducted under human direction |
| Domestication | breeding something to have an association with humans |
| Endemic species | A species that only exists in a certain specialized area; very susceptible to extinction |
| Background extinction rate | extinction usually occurs one species at a time versus a mass extinction, when huge numbers are eliminated |
| Biosphere | The total living things on earth and the areas that they inhabit |
| Ecosystem | Communities and nonliving materials and the forces they interact with |
| Community | Interacting species that live in the same area |
| Habitat | The environment in which an organism lives |
| Niche | An organism's use of resources and its role in a community |
| Specialist | Species with narrow niches/specific requirements |
| Generalist | Species with broad niches that can use a wide array of habitats/resources |
| Population size | Number of individual organisms present at any given time |
| Population density | The number of individuals within a population per unit area |
| Clumped population distribution | Arranged according to availability of resources (most common) |
| Random population distribution | Haphazardly located individuals, no pattern |
| Uniform population distribution | Individuals are evenly spaced due to territory |
| Sex ratios | Proportion of males to felames |
| Age structures | The relative numbers of organisms in each age population |
| Crude birth/death rates | Rates per 1000 individuals |
| Immigration | Arrival of individuals from an outside population |
| Emigration | departure of individuals |
| Exponential growth | Steady growth rates, increase by a fixed percent |
| Limiting factors | Physical, chemical and biological characteristics that restrain population growth |
| Carrying capacity | The maximum population size of a species that an environment can sustain |
| Density dependent factors | Limiting factors whose influence is affected by population density |
| Density independent factors | their influence is not affected by population density, ie. floods |
| r-selected species | reproduce quickly, have high biotic potential, little parenting |
| K-selected species | long gestation, few offspring, low biotic potential |
| Populations impact whole community | As a population in one species declines, other species may appear |
| Challenges to preserving biodiversity | Nature is seen as an obstacle to development, but is viewed as a source of resources |
