| A | B |
|---|
| fermentation | a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the help of oxygen. |
| cellular respiration | which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel. |
| oxidaton | the loss of electrons from one substance. |
| redox reaction | a transfer from one or more electrons from one reactant to another. |
| reduction | the addition of electrons to another substance. |
| NAD+ | a coenzyme-it functions as an oxidizing agent during respiration. |
| electron transport chain | breaks the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps instead of one explosive reaction. |
| Glycolysis | occurs in the cytosol-begins the dehydration by breaking gluclose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate. |
| Krebs cycle | takes place in the mitochondrial matrix-it completes the job by decomposing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide. |
| oxidative phosphorylation | the mode of ATP synthesis |
| substrate-level phosphorylation | a smaller amount of ATP is formed directly in a few reactions of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle by a mechanism. |
| acetyl CoA | before entering the mitochondrion, pyruvate is first converted to a compound called: |
| ATP synthase | populating the inner membrane of the mitochondrion are many copies of a protein complex |
| chemiosmosis | the coupling mechaninism for oxidative phosphorlytion |
| aerobic | containing oxygen |
| anaerobic | Lacking oxygen |
| alcohol fermentation | pyruvate is converted to ethanol |
| lactic acid fermentation | pyruvat is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as a waste product, with no release of CO2. |
| facultative anaerobes | an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions |
