| A | B |
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| Genetics | Science of biological inheritance |
| Homozygous | Having identical alleles for a trait |
| Heterozygous | Having two different alleles for a trait |
| Allele | One of two or more alternate forms of a gene |
| Genotype | Describes the genes of an organism |
| Phenotype | Describes the appearance of a trait |
| Dominant | Allele that can cover up a recessive allele |
| Probability | Chance of an event happening |
| Mutation | Genetic change in the DNA |
| Genetic disorder | Harmful mutation produced by a gene or chromosome. |
| Sex linked inheritance | Genes carried on the sex chromosomes is called: |
| Pedigree | Record that show the inheritance a trait in a family |
| Punnett square | A way to predict the different type of offspring in a cross |
| Law of Segregation | When alleles on homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis. |
| Law of Independent Assortment | The law that states that different traits do not affect the inheritance of other traits |
| Heredity | Passing of traits from one generation to the next |
| Monohybrid cross | Cross between two organisms that involve observing the inheritance of one trait |
| Dihybrid cross | Cross between two individuals that involve observing the inheritance of two traits |
| Mendel | Father of modern genetics |
| Nondisjunction | When two chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis |
| Monosomy | Missing one chromosome in a pair |
| Trisomy | Having an extra chromosome in a pair (3) |
| Incomplete dominance | When two different alleles together produce an intermediate (blended) phenotype |
| Co-dominance | Both genes in a heterozygote are expressed |
| Polygenic inheritance | When more than one set of alleles control a trait |
| Meiosis | Type of nuclear division that produces egg and sperm. |
| Haploid | Term meaning half of the total chromosomes. |
| Diploid | Term meaning total chromosomes in an organism. |
| Synapsis | The connecting together of homologous chromosomes in meiosis. |
| Tetrad | Group of two homologous chromosomes together. |
| Oocyte | Only cell in the female's body that goes through meiosis. |
| Spermatocyte | Only cell in the male's body that goes through meiosis. |
| Gamete | Another name for a sperm or egg cell. |
| Germ cell | Another name for a sperm or egg cell. |
| Fertilization | The process of egg uniting with sperm. |
| Zygote | First cell of a new baby--a fertilized egg. |
| Karyotype | A chart with the chromosomes arranged in pairs by size. |
| Homologous | Chromosomes from mom and dad that match are said to be ______________ chromosomes. |
| Somatic | Body cells are also said to be ________ cells. |
| Crossing Over | When homologous chromosomes switch genes during synapsis. |
| Down's Syndrome | Trisomy 21. |
| Interkinesis | The time between the two divisions of meiosis. |
| Egg | Female gamete. |
| Sperm | Male gamete. |
| Gametogenesis | Process of producing gametes. |
| Spermatogenesis | Process of producing sperm. |
| Oogenesis | Process of producing the egg. |
| Polar bodies | Three cells that do not become the egg during oogenesis. |
| Spontaneous | Mutations that occur without any known reason are said to be: |
| Germ | Mutations that effect the egg and sperm are called ________ mutations. |
| Mental retardation | Chromosome number disorders are the number one cause of: |
| Turner's syndrome | Disorder where the girl is missing one X chromosome. |
| Klinefelter's syndrome | Disorder where the male has an extra X chromosome. |
| Amniocentesis | Process where a needle is used to get the baby's cells from the mother's uterus. |
| Polyploidy | A condition where an organism has more than two sets of chromosomes. |
| Nullisomy | A condition where an organism is missing a pair of homologous chromosomes. |
| Tetrasomy | A condition where a person has a whole extra homologous pair. |
| Genetic recombination | The getting of different combinations of genes in an organism. |
| Law of Random Assortment | The way the homologous pairs line up on the equator is totally by chance is called the: |
| Test cross | A cross done between an unknown parent and a homozygous recessive parent. Look at offspring results to determine the unknown parent's genotype. |
| Cross | A mating. |
| Trait | A variation of a particular characteristic. |
| Blending Hypothesis | Idea that offspring always get a blend of traits from their parents. It was discarded. |
| Particulate Theory of Inheritance | The idea from Mendel that parents pass distinct "factors" on to their children. |
| Chromosome Theory of Inheritance | The idea that genes are located on chromosomes. |
| Gene locus | The exact location of a gene on a chromosome. |
| p side | The top and shortest part of a chromosome. |
| q side | The bottom and longest part of a chromosome. |
| Gene map | A picture showing all of the gene loci on a chromosome. |
| Carrier | A heterozygous individual that has a recessive disease gene in their genotype. |
