| A | B |
|---|
| peripheral nrv sys (PNS) | Div of nrv sys that detects environmental info, transmists that info to CNS, and executes decisions by CNS |
| somatic nrv sys | Div of PNS containing sensory receptors that detect environmental stimuli and motor nrvs that activate skeletal muscles |
| autonomic nrv sys | Div of PNS containing nrvs that regulate functiong of internal organs |
| central nrv sys (CNS) | div of nrv sys that analyzes significance of sensory info, decides how to respond to that info, and send msg to execute that response to PNS |
| spinal cord | div of CNS located w/in vertebrate spinal column that received sensory ksgs fr and sends morot commands to PNS. most sensory msgs sent to brain, most motor commands originate in brain |
| brain | div of CNS located w/in vertebrate skull tha tinterprets sensory sgs and dets appropritae beh'l response to that sensory msg |
| anterior | toward front end |
| posterior | toward rear end |
| ventral | toward belly |
| dorsal | toward back |
| rostral | toward head |
| caudal | toward tail |
| medial | toward midline |
| lateral | away fr midline |
| superior | above a struc |
| inferior | below a struc |
| horizontal plane | a view of struc fr above |
| sagittal plane | view that divides a struc into L + R pts |
| coronal plane | view of struc fr front |
| nerve | bundle of neurons |
| nucleus | part of a cell containg DNA, gen blueprint; grp of neral cell bodies in CNS |
| RNA | Lg, ss molec that controls manufactur of prots, which in turn regulates cell functiong |
| cytoplasm | jellylike semiliq substance inside cell |
| cell memb | struc that controls flow of substances into and out of neuron |
| dendrites | thin, widely branching projections fr cell body of a neuron that receive neural impulses |
| soma | celly body of neuron |
| axon | long, relatively thick fiber that transmits neural impulses away fr neural cell body |
| axon hillock | area btwn soma and axon of a neuro where neural impulses are generated |
| presynaptic terminal | a swelling at the end of axon |
| synaptic cesicles | sacs w/in presynaptic terminal that contain nts |
| neurotransmitters (nt) | chem'ls stored in synaptic vesicles that are released into synaptic cleft and transmit msgs to other neurons |
| synaptic cleft | space btwn presynaptic and postsynaptic membs |
| presynaptic memb | outer surface of presynaptic terminal, which is the site fo release of nts into synaptic cleft |
| postsynaptic memb | outer surface of a target cell that receives msgs fr presynaptic memb |
| neuromuscular juction | pt of contact btwn a neuron and a muscle |
| sensory neuron | specialized neuron that detects info fr outside wld (uni/biP) |
| motor neuron | specialized neuron that carrie msgs fr CNS to muscles (multiP) |
| interneuron | neuron that connects a sensory and a motor neuron or communicates w/ other neurons (multiP) |
| glial cell | type of nrv sys cell that provides a support function |
| astrocyte | start-shaped glial cell that provides phys'l support for a neuron, transports nutrients into and waste prodts out of neuron, regulate bld flow, + guides neural dvlpmt |
| oligodentrocyte | type of glial cell that myelinates certain neurons in CNS |
| Schwann cell | type of glial cell that myelinates certain neurons in PNS |
| afferent neuron | neuroin that sends msgs fr sensory receptors to CNS |
| efferent neuron | neuron that sends msgs fr CNS to muscls, glands, + organs |
| spinal nrv | grp of neurons that sends msgs to + from brain thru spinal cord |
| ccranial nrv | grp of neurons that directly links sensory receptors to brain and brain to certain muscles |
| sympathetic nrv sys | div of autonomic nrv sys that is activated by challenging to dangerous situs |
| parasympathetic nrv sys | div of autonomic nrv sys that is activasted by condit'ns of recovery or termination of stressors |
| skull | outer bony covering that protects the brain |
| vertebral column | outer boney covering that protect spinal cor; also called spine or backbone |
| meninges | three layers of tissue btwn skull + brain and vertebral column + spinal cord |
| dura mater | thick, tough, flexible outermost layer of meninges |
| arachnoid mater | thin weblike sheet of tissue, which is mid layer of meninges |
| subarachnoid space | space btwn arachnoid mater and pia mater that is filled w/ CSP |
| pia mater | thin memb that adhere closely to surface of brain and is innermost layer of meninges |
| ventricular sys | series of hollow, interconnected chambers in brain and spinal cord that contain CSF |
| ventricles | 4 chambers of ventricular sys in brain |
| central canal | chamber of ventricular sys that runs thru spinal cord |
| cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | clear fluid contained in ventricular sys and arachnoid space that supports and protects CNS and provides it w/ nutrients |
| choroid plexus | rich netwk of bld vessels in ventricles that manufactures CSF |
| congenital | present at birth |
| hydrocephalus | blockage of flow of CSF |
| gray matter | cell bodies of neurons |
| white matter | myelinated axons of nrv fibers |
| spinal reflex | reflex in which afferent sensory input enters spinal cord and then directly innervates an efferent motor neuron |
| hindbrain | div of brain just above spinal cord that contains medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum and raphe sys |
| medulla oblongata | hindbrain struc located just rostral to spinal cord that controls func such as respiration, heart rate that are essential to life |
| pons | hindbrain struc located superior to medulla that relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus |
| cerebellum | hindbrain struc located posterior to medulla that dvlps and coordinates complex mvmt |
| raphe sys | grp of nuclei located along midline of hindbrain btwn medulla and midbrain that cotnrols sleep-wake cycle |
| midbrain | div of CNS that contains tectum and tegmentum |
| tectum | struc in midbrain that controls simple reflexes and orients eye and ear mvmts |
| superior colliculi | struc in tectum that relays visual info |
| inferior colliculi | struc in tectum that relays auditory info |
| tegmentum | div of midbrain that contains substantia nigra, red nuc, reticular format'n |
| substantia nigra | struc in tegmentum that is involved in integration of voluntary mvmts |
| red nucleus | struc in tegmentum that controls basic body and limb mvmts |
| reticular for'm | netwk of neurons that controls arousal and consciousness |
| forebrain | div of brain contining basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, limib sys and thalamus |
| thalamus | struc in forebrain that relays info fr snesory receptors to cerebral cortex |
| hypothalamus | struc in forebraint hat detects need states and controls pituitary hormone prod'n and release |
| pituitary gland | gland located just ventral to hypothalamus; divided into two segmts: anterior and posterior |
| anterior pituitary gland | part of pituitary that manufacturs and secretes releasing hormones |
| hypophyseal portal sys | arterial capillary link fr hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland |
| posterior pituitary gland | part of pituitary gland, considered an extension of hypothalamus, that prod and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone; aka neurohypophysis |
| limbic sys | part of forebrain, consistinv of grp of strucs surrounding the brain stem, that controls emotional expression and storage and retrieval of memories |
| amygdala | struc in limbic sys located at base of temporal love that cotnrols emotions of anger and fear |
| cingulate gyrus | struc in limbic sys involved in pos and neg emotional response |
| hippocampus | struc in limbic sys that controls memory storage and retrieval |
| basal ganglia | struc in forebrain that integrates volutary mvmt, consisting of three nuclie: cadate nuc, putamen and globus pallidus |
| cerebral cortex | struc in forebrain that processes sensory info, controls thinking and decision makg, store and retreieves memories, and initiates motor responses |
| longitudinal fissure | deep groove that separates R and L hemispheres |
| cerebral commissures | fiber trans that connect 2 hemispheres of brain |
| corpus callosum | largest of cerebral commissures |
| contralateral control | process by which one side of brain controls mvmts on opp side of body |
| lateralization of func | differentiation of funcs of 2 hemispheres of brain |
| lateral sulcus | deep groove that separates temporal fr frontal and parietal lobes of cerebral cortex |
| central sulcus | deep groove that separates anterior and posterior halves of cerebral cortex |
| occipital lobe | love located in posterior most part of cerebral cortex responsible for analysis of visual stimuli |
| primary visual cortex | area in occipital love that receives visual info fr thalamus |
| parietal lobe | love in cerebral cortex locates btwn central sulcus and occipital lobe responsible for analysis of somatosensory stimuli |
| somatosensory cortex | area in anterior part of parietal love that receive info about touch, pain, pressure, temp, and body postion from thalamus |
| temporal lobe | lobe of cerebral cortex thta is ventral to lateral sulcus and is responsible for analysis of auditory stimuli |
| primary auditory cortex | area in temporal love that receives auditory info fr thalamus |
| frontal lobe | love in anterior most part of cerebral cortex that is responsible for higher mental processes and control of mvmt |
| motor cortex | area in frontal lobe that controls voluntary body mvmts |
| prefrontal cortex | area in anterior partof frontal lobe that controls complex intellectual funcs |
| prefrontal lobotomy | surgical proceudre that severs the cnxns of prefrontal cortex to rest of brain |
| stereotaxic apparatus | a surgical instrumt that allows a neuroscientist to lesion a specific region of brain |
| computerized axial tomography (CT) | technique that prods a static image of brain by shooting a narrow beam fo X-rays fr all angles to prod a cross-sectional view of brain; resulting image is commonly referred to as CT scan |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | technique that prods a static image of brain by first passing a strong magnetic field thru the brain, followed by a radio wave, and measuring the radiation emitted fr H molecs |
| electroencephalogram (EEG) | graphical record of electical activity of cerebral cortex |
| positron emission topography (PET) | measuremt of metabolic activity of a specific struc in nrv sys in order to det neural funcg |
| functional MRI (fMRI) | fMRI utilizes high-powered, rapidly oscillating magnetic fields and powerful computation to measure cerebral bld flow in brain and obtain an image of neural activity in a specific area of brain |
| autoradiography | injection of radioactive chem'ls into bldstream and subsequent analysis of neural tissue to det where a specifc chem'l is found in nrv sys |
| microdialysis | technique for identifying the nt in a specific area of nrc sys by measuring chem'l constituents of bld and other liquids |
