| A | B |
|---|
| Learning | a relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience |
| Conditioning | learning associationgs between events that occur in an organism’s environment |
| phobia | irrational fear of specific objects or situations |
| classical conditioning | type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (AKA Pavlovian Conditioning) |
| neutral stimulus | Did not originally produce a response |
| learned associations | building blocks of entire learning process |
| unconditioned stimulus | evokes an unconditioned response w/o previous conditioning |
| unconditioned response | unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning |
| conditioned reflex | (psychic reflex) responding before a stimulus is present (anticipation) |
| elicited | draw forth |
| trial | any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli |
| immunosuppression | decrease in the production of anti-bodies |
| acquisition | initial stage of learning something |
| stimulus contiguity | when stimuli occur together in time and space |
| stimultaneous conditioning | CS and UCS begin and end together |
| short-delayed conditioning | CS begins just before the UCS and stops at the same time as the UCS |
| trace conditioning | CS begins and ends before the UCS is presented |
| extinction | gradual weakening & disappearance of conditioned response tendency |
| spontaneous recovery | reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus |
| stimulus generalization | when as organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original |
| generalization gradients | map out how something conditioned may respond to other similar conditions |
| higher-order conditioning | conditioned stimulus acts as if it were an unconditioned stimulus |
| operant conditioning | form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences |
| instrumental learning | operant conditioning |
| law of effect | determines if a response in the presence of a stimulus leads to the satisfying effects that the association between stimulus and response is strengthened |
| Reinforcement | when an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response |
| operant chamber | (Skinner box) small enclosure in which as animal can make a specific response that is recorded while the consequences of the response are systematically controlled |
| reinforcement contingencies | circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers |
| cumulative recorder | creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time |
| shaping | reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response |
| resistance to extinction | when an organism continues to make a response after the delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated |
| discriminative stimuli | cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement and non-reinforcement) of a response |
| Primary reinforcers | events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs |
| secondary reinforcers | (AKA conditioned reinforcers) events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers |
| schedule of reinforcement | determines which occurrences of a specific response result in the presentation of a reinforcer |
| continuous reinforcement | when every instance of a designated response is reinforced |
| intermittent reinforcement | (AKA partial) when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time |
| fixed-ratio schedule | reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforcement responses |
| variable-ratio schedule | reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses |
| fixed-interval schedule | reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed |
| variable-interval schedule | reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed |
| concurrent schedules of reinforcement | two or more reinforcement schedules that operate simultaneously and independently, each for a different response |
| matching law | states that under concurrent schedules of reinforcement, organisms’ relative rate of responding to each alternative tends to match each alternative’s relative rate of reinforcement |
| optimal foraging theory | food-seeking behaviors of many animals maximize the nutrition gained in relation to the energy expended to locate, secure, and consume various foods |
| positive reinforcement | when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus |
| negative reinforcement | when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus |
| escape learning | acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation |
| shuttle box | has two compartments connected by a doorway, which can be opened and closed by the experimenter |
| avoidance learning | organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring |
| punishment | occurs when as event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response |
| instinctive drift | occurs when an animal’s innate response tendencies interfere with conditioning process (raccoons washing money) |
| sauce béarnaise syndrome | when a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus which causes an unconditioned response |
| conditioned taste aversion | conditioned only through the pairing of taste stimuli and stimuli inducing nausea |
| preparedness | involves a species-specific predisposition to be conditioned in certain ways and not others |
| signal relations | CS-UCS relations that influence whether a CS is a good signal |
| predictive value of CS | influential factor governing classical conditioning |
| 4 key processes in observational Learning | attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation |
| behavior modification | systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of principle of conditioning |
| antecedents | events that typically precede the target response |
| token economy | system for doling out symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine reinforcers |
| behavioral contract | written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program |
| reciprocity norm | social rule that one should pay back in kind what one receives |
