| A | B |
|---|
| Atom | smallest unit of a chemical element |
| The three sub atomic particles | Neutrons, Protons, Electrons |
| How to find the number of neutrons | Atomic Mass - # of protons |
| Molecules | A group of atoms that typically acts like a single unit |
| The smallest unit of compounds | molecules |
| Element | A pure substance made up of only one type of atom |
| Compounds are formed by.... | bonding atoms and elements in definite proportions |
| Elements found in all living things | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| Carbon's protons, neutrons, electrons | 6p, 6n, 6e |
| Hydrogen's number of protons, neutrons and electrons | 1p, 1n, 1e |
| Oxygen's number of protons, neutrons and electrons | 8p, 8n, 8e |
| Nitrogens number of protons, neutrons and electrons | 7p, 7n, 7e |
| Single bonds | 1 pair of electrons shared between two atoms |
| Organic Compounds | Compounds made of carbon and found in living things |
| Why is carbon important? | ability for 4 covalent bonds, good shape and bonding structure- to form hydro carbon chains |
| To change shape of molecule (to) | You rearange the way a molecule is set up |
| Tetrahedron is.... and is stable because | It has four single bonds the maximum distance apart |
| A molecular plane is.... | A double bond that is flat (CO2) |
| Stereoisomer | Mirror images of a molecule |
| Monomers create | Polymers |
| To make a macromolecule | Use dehydration synthesis |
| When you do dehydration synthesis and you have x number of monomers how many water molecules will you have? | x-1 (one less) |
| To break a macromolecule | Hydrolisis |
| Hydro carbon chains | A Long, stable compound that can withstand a range of temperatures by reshaping and remodleing enzymes |
| Functional Groups are: | Cluster of atoms that give a molecule specific chemical properties |
| THE functional groups are | Carboxyl, Hydroxyl, Amino, Phosphate |
| Formula for Carboxyl | COOH |
| Behavior of Carboxyl | Organic Acid |
| Formula for Hydroxyl | OH |
| Behavior of Hydroxyl | Alcohols |
| Formula for Amino | NH2 |
| Behavior of Amino | Amino acids, proteins |
| Formula for phosphate | PO4 |
| Behavior for phosphate | Nucleic acids, nucleotides |
| Polymerization | The process of constructing a polymer |
| Every living thing has these 4 main classes of organic compounds | Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids and Proteins |
| Lipids are used for | storage, water barriers, steroids |
| Carbohydrates are used for | energy, structure |
| Nucleic Acids are used for | storage and transmission of genetic information |
| Proteins are used for | structural and enzymes |
| What types of lipids are there | fats, phospholipids, steroids |
| Function of fat lipids | storage, cushioning, insulation |
| Function of phospholipids | water barriers for membranes |
| Function of steroids | Chemical messenger |
| Fats are made up of | Glycerol and 3 fatty acid molecules |
| Saturated Fats | Single bonded hydro carbon chains |
| Unsaturated fats | One or more double bonds in hydrocarbon chains |
| Body parts of phospholipid | polar head and bipolar tail |
| Hydrophilic | affinity for water |
| Hydrophobic | fear of water |
| steroids are made up of: | 4 interconnected rings plus a varying functional group |
| Bilayer | a double layer |
| Proteins are involved in which processes all organisms carry out | ALL of them |
| What is a peptide bond | A bond between two aminos acids that form proteins |
| What is a polypeptide | A string of animo acids whith a specific sequence |
| How is a polypeptide formed? | Through dehydration synthesis |
| Which two elements make extremely strong peptide bonds in amino acids | Carbon and Nitrogen |
| 1 amino acid difference can result in... | sickle cell anemia |
| What are the two types of Nucleic Acids | DNA and RNA |
| DNA stands for | Dioxyribo Nucleic Acid |
| RNA stands for | ribo nucleic acid |
| Structure of a nucleotid | Phosphate group + Sugar ring + Nitrogenous base |
| What are the four nitrogenous bases | Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine |
| In DNA Adenine goes with | Thymine |
| In RNA Adenine goes with | Uranine |
| Cytosine goes with | Guanine |
| 2 purines in nucleic acid are | Adenine and Guanine |
| 2 pyrimidines in nucleic acid are | Thymine, Cytosine |
| A DNA strand is a polymer with what? | An information rich strand of nucleotides |
| Inheritence is based on the precise replication of: | The DNA polymer |
