| A | B |
|---|
| constructs | idea that cannot be seen or measured directly |
| hypothesis | a prediction or assumption about behavior that is tested through scientific research |
| replicated | to repeat a research study, usually with different participants and in different situations, to confirm the results of the original study |
| Survey | a research technique for acquiring data about the attitudes or behaviors of a group of people, usually by asking questions of a representative, random sample |
| Target Population | the total group to be studied or described and from whom samples may be drawn |
| Sample | a representative segment of a target population |
| Random Sample | a survey population, selected by chance, which fairly represents the general population |
| Stratified Sample | a sample drawn in such a way that known subgroups within a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the general population |
| Bias | a predisposition to a certain point of view despite the facts |
| Volunteer Bias | the concept that people who volunteer to participate in research studies often differ from those who do not volunteer |
| case study | an in-depth study of a single person or group to reveal some universal principle |
| longitudinal method | a type of research in which the same people are studied over a long time period |
| cross-sectional method | a method of research that looks at different age groups at the same time in order to understand changes that occur during the life span |
| naturalistic observation | the study of behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulation or control on the part of the observer |
| laboratory observation | the study of behavior in a controlled situation |
| correlation | the relationship between variables |
| positive correlation | a relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other variable also increases |
| negative correlation | the relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases |
| variables | factors that are measured or controlled in a scientific study |
| independent variable | the factor that is manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on another variable |
| dependent variable | in an experiment, the factor that is being measured and that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
| experimental group | in a study, the participants who receive the treatment |
| Control Group | in an experiment, the group that does not receive the treatment |
| Placebo | an inert substance used in controlled experiments to test the effectiveness of another substance |
| Single-blind Study | a study in which the participants are unaware of whether they are in the control group or the experimental group |
| Double-blind Study | an experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo |
| Standard Deviation | a measure of the distance of every score to the mean |
| Ethics | rules and standards for proper and responsible behavior |
