| A | B |
|---|
| natural law | a law that applies to everyone and can be understood through reason |
| Thomas Hobbes | believed an absolute monarchy was the best form of government |
| John Locke | believed that at birth, all people had certain natural rights |
| Social contract | an agreement between rulers and their people |
| Separation of Powers | power is divided among different branches of government |
| Voltaire | The greatest think of the Enlightenment, known for his strong dislike of the church |
| Diderot | his 28-volume Encyclopedia helped spread Enlightenment ideas |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | the most powerful supporter of wonmen's right, seen as the found of the modern women's movement |
| Rousseau | criticized Enlightenment ideas and believed that people were naturally good, but civilized life corrupted them |
| absolutism | a system in which monarchs that held absolute power |
| Montesquieu | Philosophe who wrote "Spirit of Laws" in 1748. he described the British model of divided branches of government with checks and balances as the ideal system, later influencing the framing of the U.S. Constitution |
| Philosophes | Body of Enlgightenment thinkers. Most famous for writing "Encyclopedia", a handbook for Enlightenment ideas, edited by Denis Diderot: French tern for philosophers |
| Age of Enlightenment | Eighteen-century period of scientific and philosophical innovation in which people investigated human nature and sought to explain reality through rationalism, the notion that truth comes only through rational, logical thinking. This period formed the basis of modern science |
| Laissez-faire | Economic philosophy of a "hands off" approach. Advocates that governments should not in any way unterfere with business, as the marketplace provides an "invisible hand" to steer the economy. An early proponent was Adam Smith |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | Philosophe who published the "Social Contract." He posited that people are born good but are corrupted by education, laws, nd society. He advocated a government based on popular sovereignty and was distrusful of other philosophes' suffocating conformity to "reason." |
| Enlightened Despots | rulers who sought out to apply some of the reforms of the 18th centurty Enlightenment to their government without giving up their own absolutist authority |
| utilitarianism | ideology by philosopher Jeremy Bentham. The best policies are those that produce "the greatest good for the greatest number" |
| social contract | authority derives not from divine right but from an contract between citizens and their rulers |
| salons | informal gatherings, a forum for new ideas and an opportunity to establish new intellectual contacts |
| Adam Smith | philosopher and a pioneering political econmist. Contributor to the modern ideas of free market economics |
| Social Contracct | when people give up their natural rights in exchange for an orderly existence |
| Natural Laws | Laws that every human on earch must follow in order to survive |
| Declaration of Rights of Man | stated that under the law everyone is equal |
| oligarchy | government where only a select group of people rule |
| constitutional government | government where power is defined by law |
| physiocrat | person who applied methods of science in oder to understand the economy |
| philosophe | person who applied the methods of science in order to understand society and politics |
| Why was England a global power? | Act of Union. Had best Navy, many trading outposts and monopolies |
| Tories | English political party that supported royalty |
| Whigs | Supported parliament |
| nationaism | very strong emotional belief in one's country |
| dictator | someone who gains supreme power via the military |
| federalism | division of pwer among leves of government: city, state, and federal |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
