| A | B |
|---|
| Case | An individual about whom or which we have data. |
| Categorical variable | A variable that names categories with words or numbers. |
| Context | Tells the Who, What, How, Where, When, Why a study was performed. |
| Data | Systematically recorded information, whether numbers or labels together with its context. |
| Data table | An arrangement of data where rows represent a case and each column represents a variable. |
| Population | All of the cases we wish we knew about. |
| Quantitative variable | A variable in which the numbers act as numerical values; they always have units. |
| Sample | The cases actually examined in seeking to understand the much larger population. |
| Units | A quantity or amount adopted as a standard of measurement, such as meters, seconds, grams. |
| Variable | Holds information about the same characteristics for many cases. |
| statistics | Calculations made from data |
| Simpson's Paradox | Taking averages across groups that appear to contradict overall averages. |
| Frequency Table | Lists the categories in a categorical variable and gives the count of observations for each category |
| Distribution | Gives the possible values of a variable and the relative frequency of each value |
| Area principle | Represent each data value by the same amount of area in a statistical display. |
| Bar chart | Uses a bar whose area represents the count of observations for each category of a categorical variable. |
| pie chart | Shows the "whole" divided into categories with a wedge of a circle whose area corresponds to the proportion of each category. |
| Categorical data condition | Data are counts or percentages of individual cases in categories (not quantitative data) |
| Contingency table | Displays counts or percentages of individuals falling into named categories on two or more variables. |
| Marginal distribution | The distribution of either variable alone in a contingency table. |
| Conditional distribution | The distribution of a variable restricting the WHO to consider only a smaller group of individuals. |
| Independence | When the conditional distribution of one variable is the same for each category of the other variable. |
| Segmented bar chart | Displays conditional distribution of a categorical variable within each category of another variable. |
