| A | B |
|---|
| Charles Townsend | one of the pioneers of the english agricultural improvement; helped popularize the turnip |
| Jean Francois Millet | great painter who expressed social themes; painted "The Gleaners which depicted poor women searching for grains of wheat that had been missed in the fields, their survival depended on the food they found |
| Jethro Tull | English innovator who tried to develop new ideas for farming, tried to use horses rather than oxen |
| Adam Smith | (1723-1790) scottish Professor of Philosophy, established the basis for modern economics, critical of mercantilism, wrote "on the wealth of nations" |
| Daniel Defoe | (1659-1731)a novelist; advocate of fair treatment of hardworking children during the rise of cottage industry; coined the phrase "spare the rod and spoil the child" |
| Famine Foods | foods used to escape starvation during famine;chestnuts, grass, bark, etc. |
| Fallow | open field where nothing is planted |
| The Geaners | painting by Jean Francois Miller. Subject: poor women had to go through the fields picking up the few single grains that had fallen off the ground during the harvest. This job was often a slender margin of survival for some people in the winter months |
| Invisible Hand | Adam Smith's belief of free competition for one and for all. He believed this force lead a person to promote an end which was no part of his intention. This belief disciplined the greed of selfish individuals and provided the most effective means of increasing the wealth of both rich and poor. |
| Putting Out System | system b/w the merchant capitalist and the rural worker, where the merchant loaned, "put out", raw materials to cottage workers, who processed the raw materials in their own homes and returned the finished product to the merchant |
| Plantation Agriculture | foreign slaves (often african) went to colonies to work on plantations, such as sugar and tobacco, and money and goods went to owning country |
| Asiento | The lucrative West African slave trade. |
| Seven Years War | Also called the French and Indian War because the French were allies with many native American tribes, it was mainly between France and England. The fighting began in North America. Despite France's attempts they were greatly outnumbered and the English won. France lost all of its possessions on the mainland of North America, as well as most of its holdings in India. |
| European War of Austrian Succession | Began when Frederick the Great of Prussia seized Silesia from Austria's Maria Theresa and became a world war |
| Atlantic Economy | a mercantilist economy up until the influences of Adam Smith who felt that mercantilism was a stifling of government regulations and unfair privileges for state-approved monopolies and government favorites |
| Debt Peonage | Sytem of keeping an estates Christainized, Hispanicized Indians in perpetual debt bondage by always advancing food, shelter, and some money |
| open field system | System where peasents owned stripes of land in the village fields, and the fields are not enclosed by fences or hedges. The town farms the field as a community, as dictated by the village leaders |
| Agricultural Revolution | A time of agricultural advancement and "progressice elimination of the fallow" |
