| A | B |
|---|
| NICOLAUS COPERNICUS | First well-known astronomer to present the heliocentric theory |
| JOHANNES KEPLER | Discovered 3 laws of planetary motion supporting the heliocentric theory |
| BERNARD DE FONTENELLE | His greatest work is "Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds" which brought science to the non-scientific commons |
| JOSEPH II | Austrian ruler who sought religious toleration and failed in his attempt to end serfdom |
| MONTESQUIEU | Believed that the government should be organized so that "checks and balances" can function |
| DENIS DIDEROT | Helped write the "Encyclopedia" which talked about science and religious issues |
| MADAME DU CHATELET | Believed in equal education for women and men and was the commentator and translator of the "Principia" |
| DAVID HUME | Thought that the human mind is nothing but a group of impressions that we gain from experiences |
| JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU | Did not believe that civilization betters the human being and believed that govt. should be organized with general will and popular sovereignty on top |
| EMELIAN PUGACHEV | A serf who revolted against the rule of Catherine the Great with thousands of other peasants |
| TYCHO BRAHE | An astronomer who is part Ptolemaic, part Copernican because he believed that the earth rotated around the sun, but in turn the planets and the sun rotated around the earth |
| GALILEO GALILEI | An astronomer who was tried by the Inquisition because of his support for the heliocentric theory |
| ISAAC NEWTON | Proved the Copernican Theory with mathematical data and wrote his most famous work "Principia" which talked a great deal on physics |
| FRANCIS BACON | Formulated the experimental method or the empirical method |
| RENES DESCARTES | Formulated the deductive method in order to gain scientific laws |
| PIERRE BAYLE | Concluded that human beliefs have often been misunderstood and therefore nothing can be known beyond all doubt |
| VOLTAIRE | Wrote many comedic volumes on kings and queens and governments in general, but got arrested in Paris for doing so. However, he believed the monarch was the best form of govt. |
| IMMANUEL KANT | Believed that if freedom of the press was allowed in countries that Enlightenment would surely come next |
| FREDERICK THE GREAT | Prussian monarch who with his father’s armies invaded the German province of Silesia |
| MARIA THERESA | Ruler of the province of Silesia and was nearly conquered by Prussia, but managed to strike back with an alliance |
| CATHERINE THE GREAT | Russian monarch who had 3 main goals; to bring a more sophisticated society to Russia, improve the law system, and territorial expansion and managed to do each one successfully |
| LOUIS XV | Monarch who boldly put tax burdens on every person, regardless of social status. |
