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| Where did the Civil War begin? | Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. The South fired on the Union fort frocing it to eventually surrender. |
| What was the date of the attack on Fort Sumter that started the Civil War? | April 12, 1861 |
| How did the issue of secession lead to the attack on Fort Sumter? | Lincoln refused to acknowledge the secession of the Southern states and would not give up Fort Sumter to the Confederacy. The south fired on it since the fort was located in Charleston Harbor in South Carolina. |
| What were the four border states? | Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware |
| Why were the border states important in the outcome of the war? | they were slave states that did not secede to help the South. Also, Maryland was just North of Washington, D.C. |
| How did the Civil War affect families and friendships? | Families and friends were sometimes div |
| What was the war strategy of the South? | 1. Fight a defensive strategy. Try to win foreign allies through Cotton Diplomacy |
| What were three ways that the southern strategy benefited from the fact that the North had to invade and control the South? | 1. The rugged wilderness of the South made it difficult to move men and supplies quickly. 2. The North had to move their men and supplies hundreds of miles from the North and had stretched out supply lines. 3) Rivers in the south often ran east and west which made a natural barrier to slow down and stop advances from the front by the Union. Often, the Union was forced to attack from the side which made the attacks easier to predict and plan a defense for. |
| How did civilians support the troops? | They raised money, provided aid, ran emergency hospitals, women ran the businesses and many served as nurses. |
| What was the U.S. Sanitary Commisssion? | It was organized by Elizabeth Blackwell and run by Henry Bellows to provide bandages, medicines, and food for the Union camps and hospitals. |
| What problems did both armies face to start the war? | Both sides were not prepared to fight a war. Both sides faced shortages in clothing, food, equipment, and trained soldiers. |
| What was the first major battle of the Civil War? | The Battle of Bull Run fought on July 21, 1861. |
| Which side won the First Battle of Bull Run? | The Confederates |
| Who was the first leader of the main Union army and what was that army called? | General George B. McClellan was placed in charge of the Army of the Potomac |
| Who was the leader of the Confederate army and what skills did he bring to the job? | General Robert E. Lee-Mexican War hero who graduated #1 in his West Point class. He was unpredicable and willing to take risks to throw off the Union army. |
| How did Stonewall Jackson's victory at the Second Battle of Bull Run affect Lee's plans? | Leee felt confident and therefore decided that it was time to take the war to the North and invaded Maryland hoping to convince the border state to join the Confederacy. |
| Who were the leaders of each side at the Battle of Antietam and which side won the battle? | Robert E. Lee (South) and George B. McClellan (Union). It was the bloodiest day of the Civil War and the South withdrew and retreated. The North claimed victory. |
| How did error and chance play a role in the outcome of the Battle of Antietam? | A copy of Robert E. Lee's battle plan was found at an abandoned Confederate camp by the North. |
| Which side had the naval advantage in the Civil War and why? | The Union had a huge naval advantage. Most of the navy remained loyal to the Union at the outbreak of the war, had many more ships, and had more industry to build more ships. |
| Why was control of the seas an advantage in the war? | The Union wwas able to use its naval advantage to blockade the South to prevent it from receiving badly needed war supplies and the blockade helped to destroy the southern economy which was based on the cotton trade. |
| How did the ironclads revolutionize naval warfare? | The days of the wooden warships powered by wind was coming to an end. |
| What was the main focus of the Union's campaign in the west? | To gain control of the Mississippi River. This would cut off the eastern part of the Confederacy from sources of food production and from bases on the Mississippi, the Union army could attack southern communication and transportation networks. Classic "Divide and Conquer"! |
| Why was Ulysses Grant considered the winner at the Battle of Shiloh? | The Union regained territory, pushed the Confedeerates back into Mississippi, and gained greater control of the upper Mississippi Valley in the Confederacy |
| How was Admiral Farragut able to capture New Orleans from the South? | Because he was unable to destroy the two forts protecting the city, he camoflaged his fleet and led a daring and successful pre-dawn dash past the forts, after which he easily took New Orleans. |
| Why did Ulysses Grant decide that he would have to starve the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi into surrendering? | The city's strategic position on a high cliff above the Mississippi River made invasion all but impossible, and Admiral Farrugut's cannons from his fleet could not reach the city. |
| What early actions did Confederate forces take to try to control lands west of the Mississippi River? | They invaded New Mexico at Glorieta Pass, Arizona at Pichaco Pass, and Missouri at St. Louis. For the most part, the confederacy made no real gains west of the Mississippi River but they did make the Union send troops there that they could have used in the east. |
| What issue was at the heart of the Civil War? | slavery |
| Why were some northerners against the Civil War? | 1.) Many northern factory workers feared that freed slaves would come north and take their jobs at lower wages. 2.) Copperheads sympathized with the South and opposed abolition. 3.) Many northerners opposed the draft and were against the wealthy being able to buy their way out of the draft for $300. |
| How did Lincoln address the issue of emancipation? | He freed only the Confederate slaves that lived in areas under Confederate control as of January 1, 1863. |
| Why did Lincoln only free Confederate slaves? | He did not want to lose support in the border states. |
| Why were some abolitionists angry with the Emancipation Proclamation? | The Emancipation Proclamation did not abolish all slavery in the U.S. |
| Why did Frederick Douglas believe that military service would help African Americans? | Douglas believed that military service would help African americans gain rights such as citizenship. |
| What is the draft? | forced military service |
| Why were the Copperheads against the war? | Many were midwesterners that sympathized with the South and were against aboliton. |
| Why did some people call the Civil War "a rich man's war and a poor man's fight"? | For $300, men could buy their way out of military service. this was the equivalent of a full year's pay for an unskilled laborer. |
| Why was the death toll during the Civil War so high? | Better, more accurate weapons and ammunition such as the mini-ball, outdated tactics, no medicines to stop the wound infections, and diseases. |
| How did life for women change as a result of the war? | Many lost family members or husbands. Women worked in factories and on the farms. they were the backbone of civilian life and supported the armies in many ways. Many also became nurses who tended to the wounded. |
| How did life change for children during the war? | some children went off to fight in the war. Others helped with the chores, worked in factories, and on the farms. Many children were left fatherless because of the war's high death-rate. |
| How did the Civil War affect the Northern economy? | The economy boomed in the North. Production, prices, and wages soared. Many women, children, and the elderly were able to get jobs in the factories and on farms. |
| Why did Robert E. Lee invade northern territory again in 1863? | 1.) He wanted to break the North's will to fight. 2.) He hoped a major victory would convince other nations to recognize and support the Confederacy. |
| How and when did the Battle of Gettysburg begin? | The battle began on July 1, 1863 when a Confederate raiding party in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania and Union troops began exchanging fire. The confederate forces overwhelmed the Union forces and pushed them through Gettysburg. |
| Which side was in the best position to start the battle and why? | The North regrouped along the high ground at Cemetary Ridge and Culp's Hill outside of Gettysburg. Lee ordered General Ewell to attack the Union troops before they could entrench themselves but Ewell hesitated and did not attack. This hesitation on Ewell's part gave the Union soldiers time to prepare an excellent defensive position. |
| What was Pickett's charge and why was it important to the outcome at Gettysburg? | General George Pickett had 15,000 fresh Confederate troops and was ordered to take Cemetary Ridge from the Union on the third and final day at Gettysburg. General James Longstreet tried to convince Lee that this was a bad idea but Lee was convinced that the Union lines were close to breaking. He ordered the charge and Pickett lost half of his troops on the open terrain and was forced to retreat. Lee's army was forced to retreat to the South on the next day and the tide of the war had turned. |
| At what event did Abraham Lincoln issue the "Gettysburg Address"? | The deiciation cermony of the Gettysburg National Cemetary after the battle on November 19, 1863 |
| What reasons did Lincoln give for the continuation of the war in the "Gettysburg Address"? | Lincoln reminded americans that their ancestors had fought for the ideals expressed in the Declaration of Independence- life, liberty, and democracy. For these ideals to survive, the nation must survive and the union had to be preserved. |
| Who were the two most important Union generals in the east in 1864? | Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman |
| What was the goal of Grant's Wilderness Campaign? | Grant's goal was to fight a series of battles against Lee to weaken Lee and capture the Confederate capital of Vicksburg. |
| Why was Grant's Wilderness Campaign successful despite heavy losses of Union troops? | Grant was wearing Lee's army down and getting closer to capturing Richmond which eventually he was able to do. In the end, he weakened Lee and surrounded his forces bring about Lee's eventual surrender. |
| What were the results of Sherman's victories in the South? | General William Sherman brought total war to the South. His troops marched to the sea from Tennessee to Atlanta, Georgia to Savannah, Georgia and up through the Carolinas. They destroyed all civilian and military resources in a swath that was 60 miles wide. Sherman's victories gave the Union hope of winning the war and helped Lincoln win re-election in 1864. |
| How did Grant cut off Lee's escape to North Carolina? | Lee tried to break through Grant's lines but was unable to. His troops at that point were weary and low on supplies and Lee's situation became hopeless because he was completely surrounded. |
| When and where did Lee surrender the Confederate army to Grant? | On April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia in a little home borrowed for the occasion. |
| What were Grant's terms of surrender for Lee's army? | The confederate troops would be fed and allowed to keep their horses. None of Lee's troops would be tried for treason. |
