| A | B |
|---|
| James I | son of Mary Stuart (aka Mary Queen of Scotts). Became king because Elizabeth I had no heirs. He is the first Stuart monarcy |
| Phillip II | Son of Charles V. He will inherit the Hapsburg lands in Spain, the Americas, the Netherlands, and parts of Italy. He was a staunch Roman Catholic. |
| Elizabeth I | becomes queen of England after the death of her half sister, Mary Tudor. She tries to find a settlement to religious conflict in England. |
| Ferdinand II | Brother of Charles V. He gets the Hapsburg lands in Austria. He will become Holy Roman Emperor, but will face opposition during the Thirty Years' War. |
| Charles IX | French monarch at the time of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. |
| Henry IV | French monarch who is thought to have said, "Paris is worth a Mass." He tries to bring an end to the religious wars in France by converting to Catholicism and issuing the Edict of Nantes. |
| Christian IV | Danish king who becomes involved in the Thirty Years War in an attempt to bring about a Protestant victory. |
| Gustavus Aldophus | Swedish king and military leader who enters the Thirty Years War. He is a Protestant. |
| Louis XIII | French king, who under the guidance of Cardinal Richelieu, sends French support to the Protestant cause in the Thirty Years War. |
| Henry VII | First monarch of the House of Tudor |
| Henry VIII | Initially a supporter of Catholicism, he would become the head of the Church of England. |
| Louis XI | Known as "the spider." He is considered a "new monarch." |
| Francis I | gained greater influence over the Catholic Church in France after the Concordat of Bologna was issued. |
| Michelangelo | painter, sculpter, painted Sistene Chapel ceiling, carved statue of David |
| Leonardo da Vinci | artist, scientist, inventor, painted the Mona Lisa |
| Machiavelli | wrote The Prince in which he instructed people who wanted to gain and keep political power. He said that "the ends justifies the means." |
| Erasmus | Christian Humanist wrote In Praise of Folly which was critical of the Catholic Church |
| Shakespeare | wrote sonnets and plays (including Romeo and Juliet) |
| Edict of Nantes | Guaranteed basic rights to French Huguenots |
| Act of Uniformity 1549 | Passed under Edward VI. It established the Book of Common Prayer as the sole form of worship. |
| Act of Supremacy 1534 | Granted Henry VIII royal supremacy, which meant that he was the head of the Church of England. |
| Edict of Worms | Declared Martin Luther a heretic |
| Council of Trent | Reaffirmed Catholic doctrine but also sought to address corruption. |
| Concordat of Bologna | gave the French monarch the power the nominate people to key church positions in France. |
| Defenestration of Prague | this event sparked the Thirty Years' War |
