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| genetics | scientific study of heredity |
| fertilization | process in reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell |
| true-breeding | term used to describe organisms that produce offspring identical to themselves if allowed to self-pollinate |
| trait | specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another |
| hybrid | offspring of crosses between parents with different traits |
| gene | sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait |
| allele | one of a number of different forms of a gene |
| segregation | separation of alleles during gamete formation |
| gamete | specialized cell involved in sexual reproduction |
| probability | likelihood that a particular event will occur |
| Punnett square | diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from a genetic cross |
| homozygous | term used to refer to an organism that has two identical alleles for a particular trait |
| heterozygous | term used to refer to an organism that has two different alleles for the same trait |
| phenotype | physical characteristics of an organism |
| genotype | genetic makeup of an organism |
| independent assortment | independent segregation of genes during the formation of gametes |
| incomplete dominance | situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another |
| codominance | situation in which both alleles of a gene contribute to the phenotype of the organism |
| multiple alleles | three or more alleles of the same gene |
| polygenic traits | trait controlled by two or more genes |
| homologous | term used to refer to chromosomes that have a corresponding chromosome from the opposite-sex parent |
| diploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes |
| haploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes |
| meiosis | process by which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell |
| tetrad | structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis |
| crossing-over | process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis |
| gene map | diagram showing the relative locations of each known gene on a particular chromosome |
