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| Individual Rights Advocate | One who seeks to protect personal freedoms within the process of Criminal Justice |
| Public-Order Advocate | One who believes that under certain circumstances involving a criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society should take precedence over individual rights |
| Justice | The principle of fairness, the ideal of moral equity |
| Social Justice | An ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life and that is linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to cultural beliefs about right and wrong |
| Civil Justice | The civil law, the law of civil procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with private rights and remedies sought by civil action |
| Criminal justice | The criminal (penal) law, the law of criminal procedure, and the array of procedures and activities having to do with the enforcement of this body of law |
| Administration of justice | The performance of any of the following activities: Detection, apprehension, detention, pretrial release, prosecution, adjudication, correctional supervision, or rehabilitation of accused persons or criminal offenders |
| Criminal Justice System | The aggregate of all operating and administrative or technical support agencies that perform criminal justice functions. the basic divisions of the operational aspects of criminal justice are law enforcement, courts, and corrections |
| Consensus model | A criminal justice perspective that assumes that the system's components work together harmoniously to achieve the social product we call justice |
| Conflict Model | The belief that justice is more a product of conflicts among agencies within the system than it is the result of cooperation among component agencies |
| Writ | Issued by a judicial officer directing a law enforcement officer to perfrom a specified act and affording the officer protection from damages if he or she performs any |
| Booking | A law enforcement of correctional administrative process officially recording an entry into detention after arrest and identifying the person, the place, the time, the reason for the arrest, and the arresting authority |
| Bail | The money or property pledged to the court or actually deposited with the court to effect the release of a person from legal custody |
| Preliminary Hearing | A proceeding before a judicial officer in which three matters must be decided: (1)Whether a crime was committed. (2) whether the crime occurred within the territorial jurisdiction of the court (3) Whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the defendant committed the crime |
| Probable Cause | A set of facts and circumstances that would induce a reasonably intelligent and prudent person to believe that a specified person has committed a specified crime. Reasonable grounds to make or believe an accusation. |
| Information | A formal written accusation submitted to a court by a prosecutor, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense |
| indictment | A formal written accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony |
| Grand Jury | A group of jurors who have been selected according to law and have been sworn to hear the evidence and to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the accused person to trial, to investigate criminal activity generally, or to investigate the conduct of a public agency or official |
| Arraignment | The hearing before a court having jurisdiction in a criminal case in which the identity of the defendant is established, the defendant is informed of the charge and of his or her rights, and the defendant is required to enter a plea. also, in some usages, any appearance in criminal court before trial |
| Trial | In Criminal proceedings, the examination in court of the issues of fact and relevant law in a case for the purpose of convicting or acquitting the defendant |
| Consecutive Sentence | One of two or more sentences imposed at the same time, after conviction for more than one offense, and served in sequence with the other sentence. Also, a new sentence for a previous offense, which is added to the previous sentence, thus increasing the maximum time the offender may be confined or under supervision |
| Concurrent Sentence | One of two or more sentences imposed at the same time, after conviction for more than one offense, and served at the same time. also, a new sentence for a new conviction, imposed upon a person already under sentence for a previous offense which is served at the same time as the previous sentence |
| Due Process | A right guaranteed by the 5th and 6th and 14th amendments and generally understood, in legal contexts, to mean the due course of legal proceedings according to the rules and forms established for the protection of individual rights. |
| Crime Control Model | A criminal justice perspective that emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders |
| Due Process model | A criminal justice perspective that emphasizes individual rights at all stages of justice system processing |
| Social Control | The use of sanctions and rewards within a group to influence and shape the behavior of individual members of that group. |
| Criminology | The scientific study of the causes and prevention of crime and the rehabilitation and punishment of offenders |
| Evidence-based practice | Crime fighting strategies that have been scientifically tested and are based on social science research |
| Multiculturalism | The existence within one society of diverse groups that maintain unique cultural identities while frequently accepting a participating in the larger society's legal and political systems |
| Crime | Conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse. |
| Warrant | The due course of legal proceedings according to the rules and forms established for the protection of individual rights |
