| A | B |
|---|
| Historic rate of population growth | For much of the 20th century, the growth rate of the human population rose from year to year. With the onset of the industrial revolution, population growth was universally regarded as a good thing |
| Population size and resource availability (standard of living) | Population growth is correlated with poverty due to fewer available resources |
| Environmental impact of human population size and increased standards of living | An excess of people taking up land impacts the environment. Higher standards of living also involve higher consumption of resources. The IPAT model: I = P x A x T x S Our total impact (I) on the environment results from the interaction of population (P), affluence (A) and technology (T), with an added sensitivity (S) factor |
| Demographers study: | Population size, Density and distribution, Age structure/ Sex ratio. Birth, death, immigration, and emigration rates |
| Global human population distribution | Increased density impacts the environment, but relieves pressure in less-populated areas. Humans are unevenly distributed around the globe. |
| What are the global trends in population distribution | Unpopulated areas tend to be environmentally sensitive (high S value in the IPAT equation) |
| Population pyramids of developing countries | Pyramid is very thick at the bottom and gradually becomes thinner. Looks like a dome |
| Population pyramids of developed countries | Not as wide at the bottom, gets a little thicker in the middle around the 40s and 50s, after that gradually becomes thinner. |
| Population and sex ratios | Population pyramids give data on sex ratio by representing numbers of males to females on opposite sides of each diagram |
| Factors that impact population size | Birth/immigration rates: add individuals. Death/emigration rates: remove individuals |
| Total fertility rate v. replacement fertility rate | Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children born per female and replacement fertility rate is the TFR that keeps the size of a population stable. Increasing urbanization decreases TFR |
| Demographic transitions through human history | A model of economic and cultural change to explain the declining death and birth rates in industrializing nations |
| Role of women in population growth | Women with little power have far more unintended pregnancies. Fertility rates drop when women gain access to contraceptives and better educational opportunities. Due to gender inequality, women lack the information and personal freedom to achieve equal power to men |
| Connection between poverty and population growth | Poorer societies have higher growth rates than wealthier societies (consistent with the demographic transition theory). They have higher fertility and growth rates, with lower contraceptive use |
| Ecological footprint | The cumulative amount of Earth's surface area required to provide the raw materials a person or population consumes. Affluent societies leave considerably larger per-capita ecological footprints |
| HIV/Aids and population structure | AIDS undermines the transition of developing countries to modern technologies. Young, productive people die; communities break down, governments struggle |
| Demography | The application of principles from population ecology to the study of statistical change in human populations is the focus of demography |
