| A | B |
|---|
| Atom | smallest particle of matter that can exist and still have the properties of a particular kind of matter |
| Atomic Number | number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, identifies each element |
| Chemical Bonding | process by which atoms of elements combine to achieve stability |
| Chemical Properties | properties that describe a substance’s ability to change into a new substance as a result of chemical reaction |
| Chemical Reaction | any process in which a chemical change occurs |
| Compound | matter of composed of two or more elements chemically bonded |
| Covalent Bond | chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons |
| Electron | negatively charged subatomic particle located outside the atomic nucleus |
| Element | substance consisting entirely of one type of atom |
| Energy Level | one of a series of “orbits” in which electrons travel around the nucleus of an atom |
| Ion | charged particle |
| Ionic Bond | chemical bond that involves the transfer of electrons |
| Isotope | atom of element that has a different number of neutrons than other atoms of the same element |
| Mass Number | total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| Molecule | collection of two or more atoms covalently bonded |
| Neutron | subatomic particle that is electrically neutral and is located in the atomic nucleus |
| Nucleus | in atoms, the center, which contains neutrons and protons and accounts for 99.9 percent of the atom’s mass; in cells, the organelle that controls the cell’s activities and contains DNA |
| Phase | Physical property of matter that describes one of a number of different states of the same substance |
| Physical Property | characteristics of a matter that can be observed and measured without permanently changing the identity of the matter |
| Proton | positively charged subatomic particle located in the nucleus |
| DATA | information |
| CELSIUS (degree) | metric units of temperature (not = degrees F) |
| DENSITY | amount of matter in a given volume |
| HYPOTHESIS | a statement of what may be true; can start off as a prediction |
| KILOGRAM | the metric unit for mass |
| LITER | the metric unit for volume (mostly used with liquids) |
| MASS | the amount of matter in an object |
| METER | the metric unit for length |
| SCIENTIFIC METHOD | an organized way of trying to learn about something |
| SPECIALIZATION | studying in only one part of a subject |
| TEMPERATURE | measure of how hot or cold something is |
| UNIT | amount used to measure something |
| VOLUME | the amount of 3-d space something takes up |
| WEIGHT | measure of the pull of gravity on an object (depends heavily on mass) |
| CUBIC CENTIMETERS | units used to measure the volume of solids |
| CENTI- | prefix 100 divisions; there are 100 centimeters in a meter |
| MILLI- | prefix 1000 divisions; there are 1000 millimeters in a meter |
| KILO- | prefix times 1000, there are 1000 meters in a kilometer |
| MEGA- | prefix meaning times 1,000,000; there are 1,000,000 bytes in a Megabyte |
| GIGA | prefix times 1,000,000,000; there are a billion bytes in a Gigabyte |
| If an oxygen atom has 8 protons and 8 neutrons in the nucleus, what is the mass number of oxygen? | 16 |
| If an oxygen atom has 8 protons and 8 neutrons in the nucleus, what is the atomic number? | 8 |
| If an atom has 12 electrons, what is its atomic number? | 12 |
| If an atom has 9 protons in its nucleus, how many electrons must it have? | 9 |
| Suppose I tell you that the mass number of an atom is 18 and the atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. What is the number of neutrons? | 10 |
| An atom has 14 electrons and a mass number of 27. How many neutrons does it have? | 13 |
| An atom has 17 electrons and a mass number of 35. What is its atomic number? | 17 |
| If an atom has 3 protons in its nucleus, how many electrons does it have? | 3 |
| nucleus | the control centre of the cell |
| nucleolus | small circular structure(s) within the nucleus; may be involved in protein synthesis |
| chromosomes | genetic material found in the nucleus |
| mitochondria | where energy in the form of ATP is produced |
| ribosomes | where proteins are made |
| endoplasmic reticulum | transport system in the cell |
| golgi apparatus | packages up protein |
| lysosome | special type of vacuole that breaks down large molecules and cell parts |
| chloroplast | where photosynthesis occurs |
| cell membrane | semi-permeable; it controls what moves in and out of the cell |
| cell wall | protects and supports plant cells |
| eukaryote | cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus |
| prokaryote | a cell with no nuclear membrane and few (if any) membrane bound organelles |
| vacuole | stores wastes, water, food |
| H | Hydrogen |
| He | Helium |
| Li | Lithium |
| Be | Beryllium |
| B | Boron |
| C | Carbon |
| N | Nitrogen |
| O | Oxygen |
| F | Fluorine |
| Ne | Neon |
| Na | Sodium |
| Mg | Magnesium |
| Al | Aluminum |
| Si | Silicon |
| P | Phosphorus |
| S | Sulfur |
| Cl | Chlorine |
| Ar | Argon |
| K | Potassium |
| Ca | Calcium |
| Sc | Scandium |
| Ti | Titanium |
| V | Vanadium |
| Cr | Chromium |
| Mn | Manganese |
| Fe | Iron |
| Co | Cobalt |
| Ni | Nickle |
| Cu | Copper |
| Zn | Zinc |
| Ga | Gallium |
| Ge | Germanium |
| As | Arsenic |
| Se | Selenium |
| Br | Bromine |
| Kr | Krypton |
| Rb | Rubidium |
| Sr | Strontium |
| Y | Yttrium |
| Zr | Zirconium |
| Nb | Niobium |
| Ru | Ruthenium |
| Rh | Rhodium |
| Pd | Palladium |
| Ag | Silver |
| Cd | Cadmium |
| In | Indium |
| Sn | Tin |
| I | Iodine |
| Xe | Xenon |
| Cs | Cesium |
| Ba | Barium |
| Lu | Lutetium |
| Hf | Hafnium |
| W | Tungsten |
| Re | Rhenium |
| Ir | Iridium |
| Pt | Platinum |
| Au | Gold |
| Hg | Mercury |
| Tl | Thallium |
| Pb | Lead |
| Bi | Bismuth |
| Po | Polonium |
| Rn | Radon |
| Ra | Radium |
| Th | Thorium |
| U | Uranium |
| Np | Neptunium |
| Pu | Plutonium |
| Am | Americium |
| Cm | Curium |
| Bk | Berkelium |
| Cf | Californium |
| Es | Einsteinium |
| Fm | Fermium |
| Md | Mendelevium |
| No | Nobelium |
| trait | A physical characteristic. |
| genetics | The study of heredity. |
| gene | The units of heredity. |
| dominant | The trait that is expressed when two different genes for the same trait are present. The stronger of two traits. |
| recessive | The trait that seems to disappear when two different genes for the same trait are present. The weaker of two traits. |
| hybrid | An organism that has two different genes for a trait. |
| incomplete dominance | A condition in which neither of the two genes in a gene pair masks the other. |
| phenotype | Physical appearance. |
| genotype | The gene makeup of an organism. |
| stamens | The male reproductiive structures of a pea plant. |
| Mendel | The father of Genetics. |
| a capital letter | The sysmbol of a dominant gene is written as a _________. |
| all short | When Mendel crossed two short pea plants, the offspring were _________________. |
| flower color | Mendel did not study this pea plant trait. |
| segregation | Gene pairs for a trait separate according to the law of _____________. |
| quickly | The reason that Mendel chose to study pea plants if because they reproduce __________. |
| self-pollination | The process by which a plant pollinates itself. |
| percentage | Probability is usually expressed as a fraction or as a ____________. |
| geneticists | Scientists that study heredity are called_________? |
| Chemistry | study of matter and how it changes |
| matter | anything that has mass and occupies space |
| element | substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances |
| atom | smallest particle that has the protperties of an element |
| compound | substance made af atoms more than one element bound together |
| molecule | smallest unit of a substance that exhibits all of the properties of that substance |
| chemical formula | chemical symbols and numbers indicating the atoms contained in the basic unit of a substance |
| mixture | combination of more than one pure substance |
| pressure | force exerted per unit area of a surface |
| viscosity | resistance of a fluid to flow |
| energy | the ability to change or move matter |
| evaporation | the change of a substance from a gas to a liquid |
| sublimation | change of a substance from a solid to a gas |
| chemical property | the way a substance reacts with others |
| Phycical property | characteristic that can be observed without changing composition |
| melting point | temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid |
| boiling point | temperature when a liquid becomes a gas |
| chemical change | change occurs when a substance changes composition new substance |
| physical change | change in form not composition |
| fluid | a substance that flows liquid or gas |
| reactivity | ability of a substance to combine chemically |
| density | mass per unit volume |
| Adenine | Nitrogenous base in nucleic acids, belonging to the purines; base pairs with thymine or uracil |
| anticodon | Three nucleotide sequence in transfer RNA that base pairs with a complementary sequence in messenger RNA during protein synthesis |
| Base pairing | Attraction between complementary nitrogenous bases that produces a force that holds the two strands of the DNA double helix together |
| Codon | Three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for an amino acid |
| Cytosine | Nitrogenous base in nucleic acids belonging to the pyrimidines ; base pairs with guanine |
| DNA | Nucleic acid that stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next by coding for the production of a cell’s proteins |
| Genetic code | Manner in which cells store the program that they pass from one generation to the next |
| Guanine | Nitrogenous base in nucleic acids belonging to the purines; base pairs with cytosine |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | Type of RNA that carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus out to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| Nucleotide | Unit of a nucleic acid that is made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| Replication | Process by which DNA is duplicated before a cell divides |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | Type of RNA that makes up the major part of the ribosomes |
| RNA (ribonucleic acid) | Nucleic acid made of a single chain of nucleotides that acts as a messenger between DNA and the ribosome and carries out the process by which proteins are made from amino acids |
| Thymine | Nitrogenous base found in DNA but not in RNA; base pairs with adenine |
| Transcription | Process by which a molecule of DNA is copied into a complementary strand of RNA |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | Type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosomes where the amino acids are joined together to form polypeptide |
| Transformation | Process by which genetic material absorbed from the environment is added to or replaces part of a bacterium’s DNA |
| Translation | Process in which a message carried by messenger RNA is decoded into a polypeptide chain (protein) |
| Uracil | Nitrogenous base found only in RNA; base pairs with adenine |
| Clone | Large population of genetically identical cells derived from one individual cell |
| DNA fingerprinting | Technique for identifying individuals using repeated sequences in the human genome that produce a pattern of bands that is unique for every individual cell |
| Genetic engineering | Technique that directly alters an organisms DNA; altering the structure of a DNA molecule by substituting genes from other DNA molecules |
| Genome | All the genes possessed by an organism |
| Hybridization | Breeding technique that involves a cross between dissimilar individuals |
| Transgenic | Description of an organism that contains foreign genes |
| Mutagen | Substance or agent that can cause a mutation |
| Plasmid | Small circular piece of DNA in some bacterial cells that is often used in genetic engineering |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA molecule that forms from the combination of portions of two different DNA molecules |
| Restriction enzyme | Protein capable of cutting genes at specific DNA sequences |
| Selective breeding | Method of improving a species by choosing animals or plants that have desirable characteristics to produce offspring that have the parents' desirable traits |
| Inbreeding | Method of maintaining desirable characteristics by crossing individuals with similar characteristics who are often closely related |
| Adaptive radiation | Process, also known as divergent evolution, in which one species gives rise to many species that appear different externally but are similar internally |
| Survival of the fittest | Principle that states that only individuals with characteristics best suited to their environment survive the struggle for existence |
| Artificial selection | Technique in which the intervention of humans allows only selected organisms to produce offspring |
| Convergent evolution | Phenomenon in which adaptive radiations among different organisms produce species that are similar in appearance and behavior; opposite of divergent evolution |
| Divergent evolution | Pattern of evolution, also known as adaptive radiation, in which one species gives rise to many species that appear different externally but are similar internally |
| Equilibrium | State in which no net change occurs |
| Gene pool | Common group of genes shared by members of a population |
| Genetic drift | Random change in the frequency of a gene |
| Gradualism | Theory that evolutionary change occurs slowly and gradually |
| Mass extinction | Phenomenon in which many species suddenly vanish |
| Natural selection | Process in nature that results in the most fit organisms producing offspring |
| Niche | Combination of an organism’s habitat and its role in that habitat |
| Population | Collection of individuals of the same species in a given area whose members can breed with one another |
| Punctuated equilibria | Pattern of long stable periods interrupted by brief periods of change |
| Relative frequency | Number of times an event (allele) occurs compared with the number of times another event (other alleles for the same gene) occurs |
| Reproductive isolation | Separation of populations so that they do not interbreed to produce fertile offspring |
| Speciation | The process how new species evolve from old ones |
| Analogous structure | Structures that are similar in appearance and function but have different origins and usually different internal structures |
| gene | segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein |
| transfer RNA | brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome to make the protein |
| ribonucleic acid | the molecule that reads the DNA and assembles the protein |
| ribosome | organelle where protein synthesis happens |
| traits | proteins determine these |
| mutation | a change in the DNA |
| double strand | describes DNA |
| single strand | describes RNA |
| nucleotide | monomer or building block of DNA & RNA |
| replicate | means to make a copy (like in DNA) |
| organic | describes a molecule (like DNA) because it contains carbon |
| clone | an exact genetic copy of something |
| codon | series of three bases in mRNA |
| messenger RNA | copies the DNA's instructions and leaves the nucleus to go to the ribosome |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | responsible for the order of the amino acids in a protein; stores genetic info; the "blueprint" |
| gene | segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | responsible for the order of the amino acids in a protein; stores genetic info; the "blueprint" |
| ribonucleic acid | the molecule that reads the DNA and assembles the protein |
| ribosome | organelle where protein synthesis happens |
| traits | proteins determine these |
| mutation | a change in the DNA |
| double strand | describes DNA |
| single strand | describes RNA |
| nucleotide | monomer or building block of DNA & RNA |
| replicate | means to make a copy (like in DNA) |
| organic | describes a molecule (like DNA) because it contains carbon |
| clone | an exact genetic copy of something |
| codon | series of three bases in mRNA |
| messenger RNA | copies the DNA's instructions and leaves the nucleus to go to the ribosome |
| transfer RNA | brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome to make the protein |
