| A | B |
|---|
| matter | anything that has mass and volume |
| volume | the amount of space an object occupies |
| meniscus | the curve at a liquid's surface by which you measure the volume of the liquid |
| mass | the amount of matter an object contains |
| gravity | a force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses |
| weight | a measure of the gravitional force exerted on an object usually by Earth |
| newton | the S.I. unit of force |
| inertia | the tendency of all objects to resist any change in motion |
| physical property | a characteristic of matter that can be observed without changing the identity of the matter |
| density | the amount of matter in a given space; mass per unit volume |
| chemical property | a characteristic of matter that describes a substance based on its ability to change into a new substance with different properties |
| physical change | a change that affects one or more physical properties of a substance |
| chemical change | a change that occurs whend one or more substances are changed into entirely new substances with different properties |
| cubic | having three dimensions |
| flammability | the ability to burn |
| reactivity | when two substance get together something happens |
| thermal conductivity | the ability to transfer heat |
| phase | physical form of matter; solid, liquid, gas |
| mallealbility | the ability to be pounded into sheets |
| ductility | the ability to be drawn into a wire |
| solubility | the ability to dissolve into another substance |
| atom | the smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still be the same substance. |
| theory | a unifying explanation for a broad range of hypotheses and observations that have been supported by testing |
| electrons | negatively charged particles found in all atoms |
| model | a representation of an object or system |
| nucleus | the tiny, extremely dense positive center of an atom |
| electron cloud | he region inside an atom where electrons are likely to be found |
| protons | the positively charged particles inside the nucleus |
| atomic mass unit (amu) | the SI unit used to express the masses of particles in an atom |
| atomic mass | the weighted average of the masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element. |
| neutrons | the particles in the nucleus that have no charge |
| ions | atoms that have an overall negative or positive charge |
| atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom |
| isotopes | atoms that have the same number of protons but have different number of neutrons |
| mass number | the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom |
| gravity | the force of attraction between to objects |
| electromagnetic force | the force of attraction between two particles due to opposite charges |
| strong force | the force that holds protons together in the nucleus of an atom |
| weak force | is important force in radioactive atoms |
| periodic | a regular, repeating pattern. |
| periodic law | chemical and physical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. |
| period | each horizontal row of elements on the periodic table. |
| group | each column of elements on the periodic table |
| alkali metals | most reactive metals, have only one valance electron. |
| alkaline earth metals | reactive metals, have two valance electrons. |
| halogens | very reactive nonmetals, have seven valance electrons. |
| noble gases | unreactive elements, have eight valance electrons with the exception of He. |
| chemical bonding | the joining of atoms to form a compound. |
| chemical bond | a force of attraction that holds two atoms together. |
| valance electrons | the electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom. |
| ionic bond | the force of attraction between oppositely charged ions. |
| ions | charged particles that form during chemical changes when one or more valence electrons transfer form one atom to another. |
| crystal lattice | a repeating three-dimensional pattern of ions. |
| covalent bond | the force of attraction between the nuclei of atoms and the electrons shared by the atoms. |
| molecule | a neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds. |
| metallic bond | the force of attraction between a positively charged metal ion and the electrons in a metal. |
| wave | Any disturbance in matter that transmits energy |
| medium | Any substance through which a wave can travel |
| mechanical | Waves that require a medium are classified as ____ waves. |
| electromagnetic | Waves that don’t need a medium to transfer energy are called __ waves. |
| perpendicular | If the angle between to lines is 90o, the lines are said to be |
| rarefaction | A section of a longitudinal wave where the particles are less crowded than normal is called a |
| amplitude | The maximum distance the wave vibrates from the rest position |
| wave speed | The rate at which a wave travels |
| constructive interference | Occurs when the crests of one wave overlaps the crest of another and theamplitude increases. |
| resonance | The frequency at which a standing wave is produced |
| transverse | Waves in which the particles move perpendicular to the wave energy |
| trough | The lowest point of a transverse wave |
| surface | Waves that occur at or near the boundary between two media form __ waves. |
| compression | A section in a longitudinal wave where the particles are crowded together |
| wavelength | The distance between two corresponding crests or troughs in a series of waves |
| frequency | The number of waves produced in a given amount of time |
| refraction | The bending of a wave as it passes at an angle from one medium to another |
| longitudinal | Waves in which the particles move back and forth in the same direction as the energy are called ___ waves. |
| state of matter | the physical form in which a substance can exist |
| solid | state of matter which has a definite shape and volume |
| liquid | state of matter which has a definite volume but can change shape |
| gas | state of matter which matter changes shape and volume |
| pressure | the amount of force exerted on a given area |
| Boyle's Law | states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature, the volume of the gas increases as its pressure decreases |
| Charles's Law | for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as its temperature increases. |
| plasma | state of matter that does not have a definite shape or volume and whose particles have broken apart |
| change of state | the conversion of a substance from one physical form to another |
| melting | the change of state from a solid to a liquid |
| freezing | the change of state from a liquid to a solid |
| vaporization | the change of state from a liquid to a gas |
| boiling | the change of state from a liquid to a gas with heating |
| evaporation | change of state from a liquid to a gas without heating at the liquids surface |
| condensation | the change of state from a gas to a liquid |
| sublimation | the change of state from a solid to a gas |
| element | a pure substance that cannot be seperated or broken down into simpler substance by physical or chemical means |
| pure substance | a substance in which there is only one type of particle |
| metals | elements that are shiny and good conductors of thermal and electrical energy |
| nonmetals | elements that are dull and that are poor conductors of thermal and electrical energy |
| metalloids | elements that have properites of both metals and nonmetals |
| compound | a pure substance composed of two or more elements that are chemically combined |
| mixture | a combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined |
| solution | a mixture that appears to be a single substance but is composed of particles of two or more substances that are distributed evenly amongst each other |
| solute | the substance that is dissolved to form a solution |
| solvent | the substance in which the solute is dissolved in |
| concentration | a measure of the amount of solute dissolved in a solvent |
| solubility | the ability to dissolve in another substance |
| suspension | a mixture in which particles of a material are dispersed throughout a liquid or gas but are large enough to settle out |
| colloid | a mixture in which the particles are dispersed throughout but are not heavy enough to settle out |
| motion | an object’s change in position over time when compared with a reference point. |
| speed | the rate at which an object moves: depends on the distance traveled and the time taken to travel that distance. |
| velocity | the speed of an object in a particular direction. |
| acceleration | the rate at which velocity changes |
| force | a push or pul |
| newton | the SI unit of force |
| net force | the force that results from combining all the forces exerted on an object. |
| friction | a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching |
| gravity | a force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses. |
| weight | a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object, usually by the Earth. |
| mass | the amount of matter that something is made of; its value does not change with the objects location. |
| terminal velocity | the constant velocity of a falling object when the size of the upward force of air resistance matches the downward force of gravity. |
| free fall | the condition an object is when gravity is the only force acting on it. |
| projectile motion | the curved path on object follows when thrown or propelled near the surface of Earth. |
| inertia | the tendency of all objects to resist any change in motion. |
| momentum | a property of a moving object that depends on the object’s mass and velocity. |
| fluid | any material that can flow and takes the shape of its container. |
| pressure | the amount of force exerted on a given area. |
| pascal | the SI unit for pressure; equal to the force of one newton exerted over an area of one square meter. |
| atmospheric pressure | the pressure caused by the weight of the atmosphere. |
| density | the amount of matter in a given space; mass per unit volume. |
| Pascal’s principle | the principle that states that a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid is transmitted equally to all parts of that fluid. |
| buoyant force | the upward force that fluids exert on all matter |
| Archimedes’ principle | the principle that states that the buoyant force of an object in a fluid is an upward force equal to the weight of the volume of fluid that the object displaces. |
| Bernoulli’s principle | the principle that states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, its pressure decreases |
| lift | an upward force on an object (such as a wing) caused by differences in pressure above and below the object |
| thrust | the forward force produced by an airplane’s engine |
| drag | the force that opposes or restricts motion in a fluid |
| Work | when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force. |
| Force | any push or pull |
| Joule | The S.I. unit for work. |
| Power | The rate at which work is done. |
| Watt | The S.I. unit for power. |
| Machine | any device that makes work easier by changing the size or direction of a force. |
| Work Input | The work you do to the machine. |
| Work Output | The work the machine does to the object. |
| Mechanical Advantage | How many times the machine multiplies the force you exert. |
| Mechanical Efficiency | A comparison of the machine's output work with the work input. |
| Lever | A simple machine consisting of a bar that pivots at a fixed point. |
| Fulcrum | The pivot point on a lever. |
| Inclined Plane | A simple machine that is a straight, slanted surface. |
| Wedges | A double inclined plane that moves. |
| Screw | An inclined plan that is wrapped in a spiral. |
| Wheel and Axle | A simple machine consisting of two circular objects of different sizes. |
| Pulley | A simple machine consisting of a grooved wheel that holds a rope or cable. |
| Compound Machine | A machine made up of two or more simple machines. |
| energy | the ability to do work |
| kinetic energy | the energy of motion; depends on speed and mass. |
| potential energy | the energy of position or shape. |
| mechanical energy | the total energy of motion and position of an object. |
| energy conversion | a change from one form of energy into another |
| friction | a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are touching. |
| law of conservation of energy | the law that states that energy is neither created nor destroyed. |
| energy resource | a natural resource that can be converted by humans into other forms of energy in order to do useful work. |
| nonrenewable resources | natural resources that cannot be replaced or that can be replaced only over thousands or millions of years. |
| fossil fuels | nonrenewable energy resources that form in the Earth’s crust over millions of years form the buried remains of once living organisms. |
| renewable resources | natural resources that can be used and replaced over a relatively short time. |
| Physical Science | the study of matter and energy |
| Chemistry | the study of the forms of matter and how they interact |
| Physics | the study of how energy affects matter |
| Scientific Method | a series of steps that scientist use to answer questions and solve problems |
| observation | any use of the senses to gather information |
| hypothesis | a possible explanation or answer to a question |
| data | any piece of information acquired through experimentation |
| theory | a unifying explanation for a broad range of hypotheses and observations that have been supported by testing, explains why |
| law | a summary of many experimental results and observations, describe how things work |
| model | a representation of an object or system |
| meter | SI unit for length |
| volume | amount of space that something occupies |
| liter | SI unit for a liquids volume |
| mass | amount of matter that something is made of |
| kilogram, kg | SI unit for mass |
| temperature | measure of how hot or cold something is |
| degrees Celcius | SI unit for temperature |
| area | a measure of how much surface an object has |
| density | the amount of matter it has in a given space |
| technology | the application of knowledge, tool, and materials to solve problems and accomplish tasks |
