| A | B |
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| How does the Constitution try to safeguard American freedoms and ensure the ideals of the Constitution? | They included the Bill of Rights, divided the power of the federal government into 3 different branches-system of checks and balances. |
| 29. What did the Quakers think about slavery and what did they do in 1774? | They wanted to abolish it, so they set up the first American anti-slavery society. |
| 30. Why didn’t the north have a as great a need for slavery as the south? | Slavery was not a major source of labor in the north. In the south, the plantation system was built on slavery and many southerners believed that without slavery, their economy would suffer. |
| 31. What is manumission? | The freeing of individual enslaved persons |
| 32. How was the issue resolved as far as representation for the House of Representatives? | Three-Fifths Compromise-slaves were counted as three fifths (3/5) of a free person for both taxation and representation. |
| 33. How did the Congress compromise to insure that Congress would not interfere with slavery (until what year)? | 1808 |
| 34. What would the southern states have done if the northern states tried to outlaw slavery? | They would have left the union (United States) |
| What is Federalism? | Sharing of power between the federal and state governments. |
| How does Federalism work? | . Under the Constitution the federal government has the power to tax, regulate trade, control the currency, raise an army, and declare war. It could also pass laws that are necessary and proper. The states had the power to pass and enforce laws and regulate trade within their borders. They could also establish local governments, schools, and other institutions affecting their citizens. |
| 36. What are some powers the U.S. government and state government share (concurrent powers)? | The right to raise taxes, borrow money, and provide for public welfare |
| Why did the Anti-federalists refuse to ratify the constitution without the guarantee of a Bill of Rights? | They believed that no government could be trusted to protect the freedom of its citizens. |
| 38. Why was a Bill of Rights so important to the Anti-Federalists? | They wanted to make sure that people’s rights were guaranteed |
| 40. Why did the Anti-Federalists have good reason to be afraid of a tyrannical government abusing its powers? | Their experience with the King of England when they were part of the British empire. |
| What was the status of American Indian nations under the commerce clause? (p. 252) | Congress has the power to make laws that control trade, or commerce. This included trade with Native Americans. The tribes were ruled as independent nations in the 1800s-but they said that Congress could limit their independence because they were inside the U.S. The Constitution didn’t say how Congress may limit tribes, so tribes have had changing amounts of independence. |
| What is the Spirit of Laws and how did it influence the American government? | French Writer, Baron de Montesquieu, declared that the powers of government should be separated and balanced against each other. This would keep any one person or group from gaining too much power. Framers of the Constitution followed this model |
| 43. What are the duties of American citizens? | Obey laws, pay taxes, defend the nation, serve on a jury |
| What were the Federalist Papers? | They were 85 anonymous articles that tried to persuade people of New York to ratify the Constitution |
| Who wrote the Federalist Papers? | James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay |
| 47. What safeguards were in place that protected American’s rights from a tyrannical government? | Bill of Rights and Separation of Powers (3 branches of government=checks and balances) |
| 48. How do checks and balances work? | . Each branch of government can check , or limit, the power of the other branches. |
| Give an example of how each branch of government checks and balances the other branches | For example, the legislative branch (congress) can pass a law. The executive branch (president) can reject the law by vetoing it. However, Congress can override, or reverse, the president’s veto if 2/3 fo the members of both houses vote to approve it. |
| a. Executive branch (Article II): | headed by President- carry’s out nations laws. Serves as commander in chief of armed forces and conducts relations with other countries. |
| b. Judicial branch (Article III): | court system of the U.S. “one supreme court” The Supreme Court and federal courts hear cases involving the Constitution, laws passed by Congress, and disputes between states. |
| c. Legislative branch (Article I): | lawmaking branch-Congress is made up of the House of Representatives and the Senate. Powers include collecting taxes, coining money, and regulating trade. They can declare war and raise and support armies. Makes all laws |
| 50. What are the qualifications to become a member of the House of Representatives? | House of Representative: must be at least 25 years old & serve 2 year terms. |
| 50. What are the qualifications to become a member of the Senate? | Senate: must be 30 years old & serve 2 year terms. |
| 50. What are the qualifications to become a Supreme Court Justice? | appointed by President-serve for life |
| 50. What are the qualifications to become President? | President: Must be 42 years old and serve a 4 year term. |
| 51. What are the roles of the executive branch? | The roles are chief executive, chief diplomat, commander in chief, chief of state, and legislative leader. |
| James Madison | wrote articles for the Federalist papers, in Virginia-helped swing a close vote in favor of ratification |
| George Washington | Attended the convention in Pennsylvania which gave weight to movement to change Articles of Confederation. In Virginia-helped swing a close vote in favor of ratification |
| Roger Sherman | (Connecticut) The Great Compromise: 2 house legislature (House & Senate) |
| Governor Morris | wrote the final draft of the Constitution |
| James Wilson | gave speech to Pennsylvania Ratifying Convention that supported ratification |
| Alexander Hamilton | In New York, he argued for ratification for 6 weeks-wrote anonymous articles for the Federalist Papers |
| John Jay | wrote anonymous essays in favor of ratifying Constitution-Federalist Papers |
| 53. What is Jefferson’s Statute for Religious Freedom? | It stated that no many should be forced to worship or forced to support one religion. The argument was freedom of religion (or not to worship). |
| 54. What does Jefferson argue as far as the role of religion in government? | There should be a separation of church and state. |
| 55. What does “Separation of Church and State” mean? | It means that the government can’t support one religion and that can’t prohibit citizens from practicing a religion they choose. |
| What are some powers the federal government has? | Power to tax, regulate trade, control currency, raise an army, declare war, pass laws that were “necessary and proper” |
| Enumerated powers | powers belong only to the Federal govt. (coin money, regulate interstate trade, maintain armed forces) |
| Concurrent powers: | powers shared by the state and federal governments Implied powers |
| Implied powers | : Congress has powers not specifically defined in the Constitution |
| 60. What are the 6 goals of the Constitution as stated in the Preamble | Form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity |
| 61. What are the 7 principles our Constitution is based on? | Popular sovereignty, republicanism, limited government, federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, individual rights |
| 62. How does a bill become a law? | Bill is introduced in House/Senate-Committee holds hearings, makes changes, recommends passage-All bills must go through both House and Senate before reaching the president (debates)-President signs bill into law (President can veto, Congress can override veto with 2/3 majority vote) |
| 64. Who is George Mason and what role did he play in writing the Bill of Rights? | He proposed that the Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution. It was denied, but then he and other representatives refused to sign Constitution-so it was addeed |
| a. Federalism | In this government system power is divided between national and state governments. |
| c. Separation of powers | Each of the 3 branches of government has its own responsibilities |
| d. Popular sovereignty | People are the source of the governments power |
| e. Checks and balances | Each branch of government holds some control over the other two branches. |
| f. Judicial review | The right of the Supreme Court to determine if a law violates the Constiution |
