| A | B |
|---|
| Quinary Economic Activities | Most advanced form of quaternary activities consisting of high-level decision making for large corporations or high-level scientific research. |
| Regionalization | The process by which specific regions acquire characteristics that differentiate them from others within the same country. In economic geography, involves the development of dominant economic activities in particular regions. |
| Rostow's Stages of development | A model of economic development that describes a country's progression which occurs in five stages transforming them from least-developed to most-developed countries. The first stage involves primary activities through the fifth stages with high per capita incomes and high levels of mass consumption. |
| Secondary economic activities | Economic activities concerned with the processing of raw materials such as manufacturing, construction, and power generation. |
| Semi-periphery | Those newly industrialized countries with median standards of living, such as Chile, Brazil, India, China, and Indonesia. Offer their citizens diverse economic opportunities but also have extreme gaps between rich and poor. |
| Service based economies | Highly developed economies that focus on research and development, marketing, tourism, sales, and telecommunications. |
| Slow world | Developing world that does not experience the benefits of high-speed telecommunications and transportation technology. |
| Spatially fixed costs | An input cost in manufacturing that remains constant wherever production is located. |
| Spatially variable costs | An input cost in manufacturing that changes significantly from place to place in its total amount and in its relative share of total costs. |
| Tertiary economic activities | Activities that provide the market exchange of goods, and that bring together consumers and providers of services such as retail, transportation, government, personal, and professional services. |
| Transnational corporation | A firm that conducts business in at least two separate countries; also known as multinational corporations. |
| World Cities | A group of cities that form an interconnected, internationally dominant system of global control of finance and commerce. |
| World-Systems Theory | Developed by Immanuel Wallerstein that explains the emergence of a core, periphery, and semi-periphery in terms of economic and political connections first established at beginning of exploration in late 15th century and maintained through increased economic access up until present. |
| Agribusiness | Set of economic and political relationships that organize food production for commercial purposes. It includes activities ranging from seed production to retailing, to consumption of agricultural products. |
| Capital-intensive agriculture | Form of agriculture that uses mechanical goods such as machinery, tools, vehicles, and facilities to produce large amounts of agricultural goods - process requiring very little human labor. |
| Extensive Agriculture | An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit land area. |
| Green Revolution | Development of higher-yield and fast-growing crops through increased technology, pesticides, and fertilizers transferred from the developed to developing world gto alleviate the problem of food supply in those regions of the globe. |
| Intensive Cultivation | Any kind of agricultural activity that involves effective and efficient use of labor on small plots of land to maximize crop yield. |
| Mediterranean Agriculture | An agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean climates of Western Europe, California, and portion of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avacados, olives, and host of nuts, fruits, and vegetables comprise profitable agricultural operations. |
| Planned agricultural economy | Agricultural economy found in communist nations in which the government controls both agricultural production and distribution. |
| Plantation | Large, frequently foreign-owned piece of agricultural land devoted to the production of a single export crop. |
| Shifting Cultivation | The use of tropical forest clearings for crop production until their fertility is lost. Plots are then abandoned, and farmers move on to new sites. |
| Slash-and-Burn Agriculture | System of cultivation that usually exists in tropical areas where vegetation is cut close to the ground then ignited. The fire introduces nutrients into the soil, making it productive for a relatively short period of time. |
| Subsistence agricultural economy | Any farm activity in which most crops are grown for nearly exclusive family or local consumption. |
| Swidden | Land that is prepared for agriculture by using slash-and-burn method. |
| Transhumance | The movements of livestock according to seasonal patterns, generally lowland areas in winter, and highland areas in summer. |
| Urban Sprawl | The process of urban areas expanding outwards, usually in the form of suburbs, and developing over fertile agricultural land. |
| Von Thunen Model | Agricultural model that spatially describes agricultural activity in terms of rent. Activities that require intensive cultivation and cannot be transported over great distances pay higher rent to be closer to the market. Conversely, activities that are more extensive, with goods that are easy to transport, are located farther from market where rent is lower. |
| Action Space | Geographical area that contains the space an individual interacts with on a daily basis. |
| Central Business District | The downtown or nucleus of city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge. |
| Central Place Theory | Theory formulated by Walter Christaller in early 1900's explains size and distribution of cities in terms of competitive supply of goods and services to dispersed populations. Shown most efficiently as a hexagon. |
| City Beautiful Movement | Movement in environmental design that drew directly from the beaux arts school. Here architects strove to impart order on hectic, industrial centers by creating urban spaces that conveyed sense of morality and civic pride, which many feared was absent from frenzied new industrial age. |
| Colonial City | Cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers, often established on already existing native cities, completely overtaking their infrastructures. |
| Concentric Zone Model | Model that describes urban environments as a series of rings of distinct land uses radiating out from central core or central business district. |
| Edge city | Cities that are located on outskirts of larger cities and serve many of same functions of urban areas, but in a sprawling, decentralized suburban environment. |
| European Cities | Cities in Europe that were mostly developed during the Medieval period and that retain many of the same characteristics such as extreme densitgy of development with narrow buildings and winding streets, an ornate church that marks the city center, and high walls surrounding the city center providing against attack. |
| Exurbanite | Person who has left the inner city and moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas. |
| Gateway Cities | Cities that , because of their geographic location, as as ports of entry and distribution centers for large geographic areas. |
| Gentrification | The trend of middle and upper-income Americans moving into city centers and rehabilitating much of the architecture but also replacing low-income populations, and changing the social character of certain neighborhoods. |
| Ghettoization | A process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty; as affuluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrangts and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources. People are forced to segregate near CBD. |
