| A | B |
|---|
| Comparative ads | Ads that contrast candidate positions |
| Attack ads | Ads that are negative and don't focus on the issues |
| Ad watch | News stories examining ad truthfulness |
| Zoopraxiscope | A machine for projecting slides onto a distant surface. Created by Muybridge, a photographer who took photos of human and animal action |
| Daguerreotype | A process of recording images onto polished metal plates, usually copper, covered with a thin layer of silver iodine emulsion |
| Calotype | This system used translucent paper, what we now call the negative, from which several prints could be made. It was more important to the development of photography than the metal film system, but daguerreotype received more attention and made the public more enthusiastic. Created by British inventor William Henry Fox Talbot |
| Kinetoscope | A sort of peep-show device through which images were run rather than projected. Created by Edison and patented in 1891, became commercially available 3 years later and quickly became popular in penny arcades, vaudeville halls and big-city Kinetoscope parlors. This marked the beginning of commercial motion picture exhibition |
| Cinematographe | A device that both photographed and projected action. Patented by the Lumiere brothers in 1895 |
| Narratives and Montages | Narratives were motion pictures that told a story. Montage was a form of narrative in which tow separate but related shots were tied together in a way that took on a new, unified meaning. |
| Nickelodeon | Movie theaters that charged a nickel for admission. Narratives spurned the openings of hundreds of new nickelodeons |
| Vertical integration | Studios were able to produce their own films, distribute them through their own outlets, and exhibit them in their own theaters. In effect, the big studios controlled a movie from shooting to screening, guaranteeing distribution and an audience regardless of quality |
| Block booking | The practice of requiring exhibitors to rent groups of movies, often inferior, to secure a better one. This was ruled illegal along with vertical integration |
| Talkies | Sound films. The first was one of three produced by Warner Brothers. May have been Don Juan, The Jazz Singer, of Lights of New York. Sound made possible new genres like musicals, forced actors to actually act, and made film production more expensive |
| Tie-ins | Arrangement made between companies to tie a brand to a film company (Disney+McDonalds) |
| Cross-promotion | Deal in which a product appears in a movie and the movie is mentioned in the product's advertisements |
| Merchandise | Companies can sell merchandise modeled after characters from a film. Sometimes characters are designed with this in mind |
| The Great Train Robbery | Wasn't the first narrative film, but it did innovate and give viewers movement towards, away from, and horizontally from the camera. New film editing and no subtitles, some color was used. It simulated realism |
| Wireless ship act 1910 | Required that all ships using US ports and carrying more than 50 people have working wireless and an operator |
| The Golden Age of radio | The networks helped usher in radio’s Golden AgeThe Great Depression helped boost radio, because once a family had one they could access free information. New genres arose from radio shows: comedy, audience participation, children’s shows, soap operas and drama. WWII also helped, as radio was used to sell war bonds and boost morale. War also increased the desire for news |
| The Cable TV Consumer Protection Act 1992 | Requires operators to offer a truly basic service composed of the broadcast stations in their local area and their access channels. |
| First-Run syndication | Programming produced specifically for sale into syndication on a market-by-market basis. It’s attractive to producers because they don’t have to run the gauntlet of the network programming process and they keep 100% of the income |
| How did TiVo revolutionize television-watching habits? | People could fast forward through commercials |
| How have media conglomerates found a way to compete with TiVo? | Time placement: shows are broadcast at different times to encourage people to watch the show on TV with ads. Sites like Hulu require that viewers watch ads |
| Advantages of media consolidation | Recession proof: more predictable for stockholder as parent corporations are less subject to localized economic influences. Diversifies income: advertising revenues decrease as subscriptions, admissions, licensing and other ancillary income increases |
| How is news packaged for us? | One foreign story at a time. Events over processes: talk about a timely occurrence rather than the process that led up to it. News is packaged for the masses: 4-6th grade reading level |
| One function of media (there are five total) | To present and clarify the goals and values of society |
| Stockholder theory | Milton Friedman: "The business of business is business." Profit driven |
| Stakeholder theory | Profits not placed first. Enriched stakeholders: citizens and community |
| Libertarian Theory | Assumes that people are rational and that the truth is discoverable in a secular, empirical way. Also assumes that people have inclination and time for public affairs. Reflects Milton's concept of marketplace of ideas.Political authority rests with the individual while the gov't ensures domestic and international peace: government is in a power struggle with the individual. The press's most potent antagonist is the government. RESULT: A media system supporting well informed individuals |
| Issues with Libertarian Theory | Not all people are rational. We're subject to perception and change rather than pragmatism. We are not all uniformly educated. |
| Social Responsibility Theory | Henry Luce, founder of Time magazine, funded this. Troubles journalists because it doesn't give the guidelines. Gives little attention to media economics |
| Social Responsibility and Libertarian theories are alike because: | Neither of the address the realities of concentrated economic power. Journalism has dual responsibilities to citizens and stockholders; neither theory provides guidance as to how we should balance those responsibilities |
| Edward R. Murrow | American broadcast journalist who came to prominence with a series of radio broadcast news during WWII |
| I Love Lucy influence | Filmed reruns were possible, which created the off-network syndication industry. The television industry moved from NY to Hollywood, which had a more entertainment-film mindset. This meant there was more action and flash. Weekly series could be produced relatively quickly and inexpensively |
| Zworykin & Farnsworth | Debated creators of electronic scanning. Zyworykin was an immigrant working for Westinghouse, and demonstrated his iconoscope tube, the first practical television camera tube, in 1923. At the same time Farnsworth was perfecting an electronic television system. The two duked it out but eventually Zyworykin agreed to pay Farnsworth royalties to use his patents |
| Deregulation & radio | After WWII radio licenses were granted again. Later, controls were almost completely eliminated by the telecommunications act of 1996. Now, due to this deregulation, there are no national ownership limits, and one person or company can own as many as 8 stations in one market, depending on market size. |
| The Quiz Show Scandal | It was discovered that popular shows like The 64,000 Question had been fixed by advertisers and producers to ensure desirable outcomes. Networks had to begin buying the entertainment fare, so instead of selling time to ad agencies and sponsors, networks paid for content via spot commercial sales. |
| MP3’s & copyright | MP3's have led to reduced attention to radio, as well as copyright violations. One way Apple gets around people repeatedly burning music by limiting the number of times a song can be put onto a CD |
| Trustee model of regulation | Based off of two principles: Spectrum Scarcity Philosophy: Not everyone who wants to broadcast can, so those who are granted licenses to serve a local area must accept regulation. Influence: Broadcasting reaches virtually everyone in society, which ensures power |
| Radio Act of 1912 | Strengthened rules regarding shipboard wireless and required that wireless operators be licensed by the Secretary of Commerce and Labor. Established spheres of authority for both state and federal governments, provided for allocating and revoking licenses/fining violators, and assigned frequencies for station operation. Operators were angered by this and successfully challenged the act. Coolidge ordered the cessation of gov’t regulation of radio. This led to chaos. The government held a series of four National Radio Conferences involving industry experts, public officials and government regulators. These conferences led to the Radio Act of 1927, which authorized broadcasters to use channels which belonged to the public, but not own them. Federal Radio Commission (FRC) was established to administer the provisions of the act. |
| The Communication Act of 1934 | Replaced the 1927 legislation, substituting the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for the FRC and cementing its regulatory authority which continues today |
| Marconi | Considered the “Father of Radio” because not only was he among the first to send signals through the air, he was adroit at gaining maximum publicity for every success. His improvements over earlier experimental designs allowed him to send and receive telegraph code over distances as great as 2 miles. Transmitted across the English Channel in 1899 and the Atlantic in 1901 |
| Fesseden | A Canadian who invented the liquid barretter; the first audio device permitting reception of wireless voices. Had the first public broadcast of voices and music in 1906 |
| Deforest | American who invented the audion tube, a vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signals. Saw radio as a means of broadcasting whereas earlier pioneers just saw it as a means for point-to-point communication |
| Edison | Prolific inventor, built the first motion picture studio near his lab in New Jersey. In 1877 patented the “talking machine,” a device for replicating sound that used a hand-cranked grooved cylinder and a needle |
| Berliner | German immigrant whose gramophone improved upon Edison’s device, using a flat, rotating, was-covered disc that could easily be copied pressed from a metal master. He also developed a sophisticated microphone and imported recordings by famous European opera stars |
| What effect does conglomeration have on the film industry? | It's harder for smaller companies like DreamWorks to compete with larger ones like Disney because they aren't able to use the outlets of a parent company to advertise their film; even if it is of superior quality, a DreamWoks film is less likely to make anywhere as much as a Disney film |
| What factors, other than “a good story, well told,” do big studios look for in movie scripts? How does this limit film as an art form? | Studios look for movies that are easy to make and don’t require good acting or script writing. This means that a lot of potentially great stories are bypassed. |
| Hypercommercializm | The tendency within capitalism to turn everything into objects, images, and services sold for the purpose of generating profit. |
| Film's three-component system: | Production: the making of movies. Distribution: Supplying movies to theaters; TV, cable, and satellite networks; videodisc makers and Internet streaming companies. Exhibition: Showing movies in theaters. The seven largest chains (including those owned by studios) control 80% of all US ticket sales |
| The Blair Witch Project | A small 1999 film shot digitally that earned far more than the cost of production |
| What does this quote mean: “In the absence of debate, restricted to utterance leads to the degradation of opinion … the more rational is overcome by the less rational, and the opinions that will prevail will be those which are held most ardently by those with the most passionate will” – Walter Lippman | The person with the loudest voice is often the one who is heard the most, even if their point isn’t the most relevant, so what gets passed along might not be the most valuable information. |
| Tests for invading a political figure’s privacy (Schoeman 1984): | (1) The invasion must be placed in a larger context of facts and history and must include context to provide meaning. (2) The revelation of private facts should meet the traditional tests of journalism and needs to be linked to public, political behaviors before publication or broadcast becomes ethically justifiable. (3) The invasion must further the larger political discourse and must meet the most demanding ethical test: the “need to know” |
| Four-part test to determine if information is politically relevant (Bruce Williams): | Is the information: Useful? Sufficient? Trustworthy? And who is the audience? |
| First Amendment perspectives: John Merill | Interpret First Amendment as a restriction on government |
| First Amendment perspectives: Alexic de Toqueville | Saw the First Amendment as an antidote to culture valuing liberty over community. Also saw the press as an incubator of civilization |
| First Amendment perspectives: Federalist papers (Madison, Hamilton and Jay) | Said citizens needed to be informed participants in politics |
| The Nielsen Ratings | To produce ratings, Nielson selects 37,000 households thought to be representative of the US viewing audience. To record data on what people are watching in those homes, Neilson employs its version of the peoplemeter. This way the company can report a Total Audience Measurement Index (TAMi), a measure of all viewing of a single episode of something. |
| The Birth of a Nation | Used montage to create passion, move emotions and heighten suspense. It was the most influential silent film ever made, and the most popular and profitable movie ever made until Gone With The Wind. Birth of a Nation set new standards for American film and took movies out of the nickelodeons and made them a big business |
| Trends in news reporting | Political horse race: Journalists treat front-runners with more scrutiny than the remainder of the candidate pack. There is also the issue of terrorism, and the symbiotic relationship it has with the press. Another question is of the role of mass media: guard dog, or lap dog? |
