| A | B |
|---|
| Nationalism | Belief that people should be loyal to their nation, national pride; desire to unite a nation; desire to rid your nation of foreign control |
| Imperialism | Policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, economically or socially; causes pre-WW I rivalry among countries |
| Militarism | Policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war; stockpiling military weapons prior to WW I l; Leads to competition among nations |
| Triple Alliance | A military alliance between Germany, Austria - Hungary, and Italy in the years preceding World War I; Italy will later withdraw and the Ottoman Empire will join Central Powers |
| Triple Entente | a military alliance between Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding WW I; Russia will withdraw in 1917 and USA will enter in 1917; Allied powers |
| “Powder Keg of Europe” | Early 1900’s; Balkan Peninsula; many ethnic groups, rivalries, and nationalism caused this region to be on the "edge "of war |
| “The Spark that ignited World War I” | The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914; he was heir to the Austrian throne; Serbian nationalists assassinated him |
| Central Powers | In World War I, the nations of Germany, Austria-Hungary, along with other nations that fought on their side |
| Allied Powers | In World War I, the nations of Britain, France, and Russia, along with other nations that fought on their side |
| Western Front | World War I; the region of Northern France where the forces of Allies and the Central powers battled each other; trench warfare |
| Trench Warfare | Form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches/ditches dug in the battlefield; strategy for a war of attrition (wearing down the enemy);made necessary by the invention of the machine gun |
| New Weapons of WWI | Poison gas (mustard gas), machine gun, tank, airplane, and submarine |
| Eastern Front | WWI; stretch of battlefield along German/Russian border |
| Unrestricted submarine warfare | German strategy of WW I; causes USA to enter the war; use of submarines to sink ships without warning; any ship found in enemy water were possible victims |
| “Total War” | A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort; high numbers of civilian (non-military)casualties are evidence of a total war |
| Propaganda | Information or material spread to advance a cause or to damage an opponent’s cause |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | 1918; ended war between Germany and Russia |
| Armistice | An agreement to stop fighting; Nov 11, 1918; “eleventh hour of the eleventh day, of the eleventh month”; ending the fighting of WW I |
| Treaty of Versailles | 1919; the peace treaty signed by Germany and the Allied powers of WWI |
| Big Four | Woodrow Wilson (USA), Georges Clemenceau (France), David Lloyd George (Britain), Vitorio Orlando (Italy) |
| Fourteen Points | A series of proposals in which U.S. President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after WWI; only a few of the 14 Points were incorportated into the Treaty of Versailles |
| Self-determination | The freedom of a people to decide under what form of government they wish to live; one of Wilson's 14 Points |
| League of Nations | An international association formed after WWI with the goal of keeping peace among nations; unsuccessful; no military to enforce its decisions; one of Wilson's 14 Points |
| Article 231 | The harshest aspect of the Treaty of Versailles; also known as the “war guilt”clause; placed sole responsibility for WW I on Germany’s shoulders; helped cause WWII |
| Mandate System | outlined by the Treaty of Versailles;territories of the former Ottoman Empire were to be adminstered by the League of Nations(eventually territories became protectorates of Britain and France) |
| “Blank check” | pre-WW I; Germany offered Austria its “unconditional support” thereby pledging Germany’s military support to Austria, should Austria decide to go to war with Serbia |
| Ultimatum | a list of demands, that if not met, will lead to serious consequences; Austria gave Serbia an ultimatum prior to WW I |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | German Empire; became kaiser (king) in 1890; proud and stubborn; inherited a strong military from his father and Bismarck's government |
| Czar Nicholas II | Russia; to show support for Serbia, in 1914 began military maneuvers along borders of Germany; Last Czar to rule Russia; removed from power and executed by the Communists in 1917 |
| Archduke Ferdinand | Austria; was heir to Austrian throne; was assassinated on June 28, 1914 in Sarejevo,Bosnia; his assassination was the “The Spark that ignited World War I” |
| Gavrilo Princip | Serbian nationalist; 18 year old man who assassinated Archduke Ferdinand |
| Black hand | Serbian nationalist group; a secret society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule; |
| General Schlieffen | Germany; general who designed German military plan – a 2 front war; attack France 1st then Russia 2nd; called the Schlieffen plan |
| Woodrow Wilson | USA; member of big 4; made a series of proposals including 14 points; idea behind 14 points was self determination |
| Georges Clemenceau | France; part of big 4; attended Paris peace process |
| David Lloyd George | Britain; part of big 4; Prime minister of Britain |
