| A | B |
|---|
| transformation | process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain |
| bacteriophage | a type of virus that invades another |
| nucleotide | the units that make up DNA |
| base pairing | when nucleotides only pair with other nucleotides |
| chromatin | DNA tightly coiled around proteins |
| histone | proteins which chromtin is wrapped around |
| replication | process in which a cell duplicates its DNA |
| DNA polymerase | joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule |
| nucleosome | a beadlike structure made of DNA and histone molecules |
| gene | coded DNA instructions that control the production of proteins within the cell |
| messenger RNA | RNA molecules that carry copies of the gene instructions |
| ribosomal RNA | a type of protein involved in producing RNA |
| transfer RNA | transfers each amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA |
| transcription | process in which an mRNA molecule is made by copying DNA |
| promoter | the regions that RNA polymerase binds on DNA |
| intron | sequence of mRNA that is cut out while still in the nucleus |
| exon | DNA sequences that code for proteins |
| codon | three consecutive nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that specify an amino acid |
| translation | process in which cells use information from mRNA to make proteins |
| anticodon | three bases on a tRNA molecule that complement an mRNA codon |
| mutation | changes in the genetic material |
| point mutation | mutations involving changes in one or a few nucleotides |
| frameshift mutation | when groupings are shifted for every codon but are still read in a 3 codon frame |
| polyploidy | the condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes |
| operon | a group of genes that operate together |
| operator | a region that contains several copies of a DNA-binding proteins |
| differentiation | when cells become specialized in structure and function |
| hox gene | a series of genes that control the differentiation of cells and tissues and embryo |
| nucleotide | basic unit of DNA that is made up of a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base |
