| A | B |
|---|
| chromatid | half of the chromosome, used for identifying pairs in karyotyping |
| centromere | center region of chromosome, used in karyotyping |
| sex chromosomes | sex determining chromosomes (1 pair) |
| autosomes | body chromosomes (22 pair) |
| homologous chromosomes | identical copies of two chromosomes |
| karyotype | photograph of chromosomes that helps identify large chromosomal abnormalities |
| diploid | 2N |
| haploid | 1N |
| mitosis | cell division that results in an identical cell being created |
| meiosis | cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes by half |
| cell cycle | repeating cycle of events that makes up the life of a cell |
| interphase | time between cell divisions |
| M phase | nucleus of cell divides |
| cytokinesis | cytoplasm of cell divides |
| G1 phase | interphase step of cell growth |
| S phase | interphase step of DNA being copied |
| G2 phase | interphase step of growth and preparation for cell division |
| G0 phase | interphase step where cells completely check themselves out of cell division |
| prophase | shortening and tight coiling of DNA |
| metaphase | chromosomes line up in midline |
| anaphase | chromatids or homologous chromosomes move to opposite sides of cell |
| telophase | chromosomes relax in this phase and a nuclear envelope forms around chromosomes |
| centrosomes | dark regions at either end of the cell where spindle fibers attach |
| spindle fibers | made of small tubes connect to chromosomes and aid in pulling cells apart |
| crossing-over | portions of homologous chromosomes breaking off and reattaching |
| genetic recombination | new mixture of genetic material |
| independent assortment | random assortment of homologous chromosomes |
| spermatogenesis | formation of sperm cells |
| oogenesis | formation of egg cells |
| polar bodies | three products of meiosis in females that lack enough cytoplasm to survive |
| asexual reproduction | production of offspring from one parent |
| sexual reproduction | production of offspring through meiosis and the union of a sperm and an egg |
