| A | B |
|---|
| Saladin | Islamic leader, recaptured Jerusalem during Crusades. Battled Richard III |
| Ivan IV (the terrible) | Russian Tsar, founded the Oprichniki, built St. Basil's Cathedral, Killed own son in fit of rage |
| Peter I | Russian Tsar, developed Russia's navy, won great northern war against Sweden, "westernized" his country, built St. Petersburg |
| Catherine the Great | Russian tsar 1700s, expanded Russia's territory with wars in south, "golden age" monarch for Russia |
| Maria Theresa | Austiran Habsburg empress 1700s, great reformer, battled Frederick II of PRussia, mother of Marie Antoinette |
| Elizabeth I | English Queen, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleynn, defeated Spanish Armada, signed new Act of Supremacy to expand Anglican Church |
| Louis XIV | "sun king" of France, built Versailles Palace |
| Louis XVI | French monarch executed in French revolution |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | French emperor following revolution. Born in Corsica, led France to great military victories but was defeated after invading Russia. Final defeat suffered at Battle of Waterloo |
| Henry VIII | English Tudor King, formed Anglican Church in order to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon |
| Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor, declared Martin Luther a heretic, supervised Spanish colonization of Americas. Most powerful Habsburg Monarch |
| Ferdinand II and Isabella | Spanish monarchs repsonsible for "reconquista" of Spain driving out Muslims from Europe. Sponsored Columbus' journey. Marriage united Spain |
| Phillip II (Spain) | led Spanish Armada attack on England, son of Charles V, led Spain at peak of its power |
| Richard I (the lion heart) | English King, led 3rd crusade to victories over Saladin but did not reconquer Jerusalem |
| Richard III | last Plantagenet King of England, killed at Battle of Bosworth Field during War of Roses. |
| William I (the conquerer) | led norman conquest of England in 1066. Organized the Domesday Book (a census of all English land) |
| Victor Emanuel I | first king of United Italy in 1870s. |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | Final Emperor of Germany. Lost WWI |
| Nicolas II | Final Russian Tsar. Massacred by Bolsheviks during Russian Revolution. LEd Russi into and out of WWI. Incompetent, led Russia to many defeats (Russo-Japanes War) |
