| A | B |
|---|
| ancien regime | old order; system of government in pre-revolution France |
| estate | social class |
| bourgeoisie | the middle class |
| deficit spending | situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in |
| Louis XVI | the well-meaning, but weak successor to King Louis the XV |
| Jacques Necker | a financial expert chosen by Louis XVI; he encouraged the king to reduce court spending, reform government, and abolish tariffs |
| Estates-General | legislative body made up of representatives of the three estates in pre-revolutionary France |
| cahier | notebook used during the French Revolution to record grievances |
| Tennis Court Oath | famous oath made on a tennis court by members of the Third Estate in France |
| Bastille | fortress in Paris used as a prison; French Revolution began when Parisians stormed it in 1789 |
| faction | dissenting group of people |
| Marquis de Lafayette | moderates looked up to him as an aristocratic hero of two worlds; fought in the American Revolution with George Washington |
| Olympe de Gouges | a French journalist who demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen |
| Marie Antoinette | Austrian-born queen of France who was known for her life of pleasure and extravagance |
| emigre | person who flees his or her country for political reasons |
| sans-culotte | working class man or woman who made the French Revolution more radical; wore long trousers instead of fancy knee length breeches (that the upper class wore) |
| republic | system of government in which officials are chosen by the people |
| Jacobins | member of a radical political club during the French Revolution |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| Robespierre | a shrewd lawyer and politician who quickly rose to the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety; he was known for his dedication to the revolution and was beloved by the Jacobins |
| Reign of Terror | time period during the French Revolution from September 1793 to July 1794 when people in France were arrested for not supporting the revolution and many were executed |
| guillotine | device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading |
| Napoleon | a popular military hero who had won a series of brilliant victories against the Austrians in Italy; he later became ruler of France |
| nationalism | a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country |
| Marseilles | French port city; troops marched to a patriotic song as they marched from this city, the song eventually became the French national anthem |
| plebiscite | ballot in which voters have a direct say on an issue |
| Napoleonic Code | body of French civil laws introduced in 1804; served as a model for many nations' civil codes |
| annex | to add a territory to an existing state or country |
| Continental System | blockade designed by Napoleon to hurt Britain economically by closing European ports to British goods; ultimately unsuccessful |
| guerrilla warfare | fighting carried on through hit and run raids |
| scorched-earth policy | military tactic in which soldiers destroy everything in their path to hurt the enemy |
| abdicate | to give up or step down from power |
| Congress of Vienna | assembly of European leaders that met after the Napoleonic era to piece Europe back together; met from September 1814 to June 1815 |
| legitimacy | principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon was restored |
| Concert of Europe | a system in which Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace of Europe; resulted from the post-Napoleon era Quadruple Alliance |
