| A | B |
|---|
| Processing that starts at the entry level | Bottom-Up Processing |
| Drawing on sensations coming bottom-up to the brain and and on experience and expectations | Top-Down Processing |
| The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment | Sensation |
| The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events | Perception |
| The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. | Psychophysics |
| The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time | Absolute Threshold |
| A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise) | Signal Detection Theory |
| The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time | Difference Threshold |
| The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage | Weber's Law |
| Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation | Sensory Adaptation |
| Conversion of one form of energy into another | Transduction |
| The difference from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next | Wavelength |
| the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light | Hue |
| The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude | Intensity |
| The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters | Pupil |
| A ring of muscle tissue that form the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening | Iris |
| The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina | Lens |
| The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information | Retina |
| The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina | Accommodation |
| Described principles governing how we perceive groups of objects | Gestalt Rules |
| The organization of visual fields into objects which stand out from their surroundings | Figure Ground |
| Connected at amygdale and hippocampus, responsible for emotional impulses and memory | Smell with memory |
| Height of wave | Amplitude |
| Length of wave | Frequency |
| Mental representations of how we perceive the world | Schemata |
| Our experiences, expectations, motivation, and alertness | Response Criteria |
| Explains how we experience pain | Gate Control Theory |
| Feedback about position of specific body parts | Kinesthetic Sense |
| Not perceiving a stimulus that is there | False Negative |
| We think we perceive a stimulus that is not there | False Positive |
| Objects that are in continuous form | Continuity |
| Objects close together, perceived together | Proximity |
| Objects similar in appearance perceived together | Similarity |
| Our ability to maintain constant perception of an object despite those changes | Constancy |
| Objects that make up a recognizable image are perceived together | Closure |
| The spot where the optic nerve leaves the retina, has no R&C | Blind Spot |
| Retina receptors more sensitive to color | Cones |
| Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision | Rods |
| Three types of cones in the retina that detect blue, red, and green; activated in different combinations to produce all the colors of the visual spectrum | Trichromatic |
| The sensory receptors arranged in the retina come in different pairs (red/green, blue/yellow, black/white) | Opponent Process |
| We perceive objects in constant color, even as light reflecting of object changes | Brightness Consistency |
| Objects viewed from different angels produce different shapes on retina. We know shape remains constant | Shape Consistency |
| The body's ability to convert one sort of energy to another | Transduction |
| The amount of energy in light waves | Light Intensity |
| We know an object does not really get bigger or smaller as it moves toward or away from us | Size Consistency |
| Distance from one peak to the next | Light Wavelength |
| When hair cells are damaged, usually by loud noises | Sensorineural Deafness |
| Lower tones are sensed by the rate at which the cells fire. | Frequency Theory |
| The hairs in the cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on whee they are located in the cochlea | Place Theory |
| When something goes wrong in getting sound to cochlea | Conduction Deafness |
| Sound wave collected in outer ear | First part of hearing |
| Travel down ear canal | Second part of hearing |
| Reach ear drum | Third part of hearing |
| Attached to first in series of three small bones | Fourth part of hearing |
| Travels to oval window | Fifth part of hearing |
| Travels to cochlea | Sixth part of hearing |
| Travels to auditory nerve | Seventh part of hearing |
| The sense or act of hearing | Audition |
| A tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency | Pitch |
| The chamber between the eardrum and the cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window | Middle Ear |
| Three tiny bones of the ear | Hammer, anvil, and stirrup |
| A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses | Cochlea |
| The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs | Inner Ear |
| The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts | Kinesthesis |
| The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance | Vestibular Sense |
| The theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain | Gate Control Theory |
| Sensory receptors respond to potentially damaging stimuli by sending an impulse to the spinal cord, whih passes the message to the brain, which interprets the signal as pain | The Pain Circuit |
| The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste | Sensory Interaction |
| an organized whole | Gestalt |
