| A | B |
|---|
| genes | segments of a DNA that contains genetic instructions for building a protein |
| chromosomes | tightly coiled DNA molecules containing thousands of genes |
| chromatids | identical copies of chromosomes |
| homologous chromosomes | "copies" of chromosomes that contain genes for the same trait, but may contain different alleles |
| diploid cells | term used to describe cells that contain homologous pairs of each chromosome |
| gametes | "sex cells" like the sperm or egg |
| haploid cells | term used to describe cells that only have one copy of each chromosome |
| zygotes | fertilized egg cells |
| n | symbol used to represent a haploid cell |
| 2n | symbol used to represent a diploid cell |
| trisomy | term used to describe an extra copy of a chromosome |
| karyotypes | images of the chromosomes within a cell |
| Down syndrome | genetic disorder caused by a trisomy of the 21st chromosome |
| nondisjunction | term that means a dividing cell's homologous chromosomes were not separated properly |
| mutations | changes to a person's genetic material (nucleic acids) |
| deletion mutuations | type of mutation that causes a chromosome to be missing some genes |
| duplication mutations | type of mutation causing a chromosome to have extra/multiple copies of certain genes |
| inversion mutations | type of mutation that causes a chromosome to have genes in a reverse order |
| translocation mutations | type of mutation that causes a chromosome to have genes that don't belong on that chromosome |
| autosomes | chromsomes both males and females have in their body's cells |
| sex chromosomes | chromosomes that differ between males and females (i.e. the "X" and "Y" chromosomes) |
