| A | B |
|---|
| chromosome theory of heredity | developed by Walter sutton; states material of inheritance is carried by chromosomes |
| linked genes | genes that are located close together on the same chromosome |
| genetic recombination | shuffling of genes into new combinations |
| frequency of genetic recombination | recombination occurs more frequently when the genes are located further apart on the chromosme |
| gene mapping | process of locating genes on a chromosome |
| use of fruit flies in genetic studies | organism is easy to feed and care for; reproduces quickly; has only 4 pair of chromosomes |
| genotype for a male | XY |
| genotype for a female | XX |
| mutation | a spontaneous change in a gene or a chromosome |
| mutant | organism resulting from a mutation |
| mutagen | cause of a mutation |
| sex-linked genes | genes found on the X or Y chromosomes |
| examples of sex-linked traits | eye color in fruit flies; hemophilia and colorblindness in humans |
| karotype | grouping by type and size of chromosomes from a cell |
| sex-limited traits | autosomal traits expressed in only one sex |
| examples of sex-limited traits | beard growth in males; milk production in females |
| autosomes | all the chromosomes of an organism except the sex chromosomes |
| sex-influenced traits | traits expressed in both sexes; but they are expressed differently |
| examples of sex-influenced trait | baldness |
| deletion | occurs when one or more genes are lost from a chromosome during cell divsion |
| inversion | a piece of chromosome breaks and reattaches in reverse order |
| crossing over | occurs during prophase 1 of meiosis |
| advantage of crossing over | increases genetic diversity which can increase a species chances of survival |
| monosomy | zygote receives only 1 chromosome of a pair instead of two |
| trisomy | zygote receives 3 chromosomes instead of 2 in the pair |
| translocation | involves exchange of genes from a nonhomologous pair |
| nondisjunction | failure of chromosmes to separate during cell division |
| polyploidy | results in multiple sets of chromosomes; due to nondisjunction of cell pairs of chromosmes |
