| A | B |
|---|
| 3 types of muscles | skeletal, smooth, and cardiac |
| skeletal muscles | attach to bones, striped(striated), provide movement, contract quickly, are voluntary, fatigue easily, and lack ability to contract for a long time |
| smooth muscles | unmarked by distinctive striations, act slowly, do not tire easily, and can contract for a long time |
| cardiac muscles | found only in heart, and are involuntary |
| smooth muscles are found in | the walls of internal organs, stomach, intestines, uterus, and blood vessels |
| sphincter muscles | circular muscles that open and close to control the passage of substances |
| sphincter muscles are found | between the esophagus and stomach, and the stomach and small intestine, and in the walls of the anus, urtethra, and mouth |
| What are the 4 characteristics of muscles | contractibility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity |
| Muscle atrophy | wasting or loss of muscle tissue |
| What causes muscle atrophy | disease or lack of use |
| Muscle hypertrophy | increase in the size of a muscle |
| What causes muscle hypertrophy | excercise |
| Muscle strain | twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon |
| Acute strain | caused by trauma or an injury such as a blow to the body or improperly lifting heavy objects |
| Chronic strain | result of overuse, prolonged, repetitive movement |
| Two common sites for strains | back and hamstring muscles |
| Signs and sxs. of strains | pain, muscle spasm, muscle weakness, localized swelling, cramping, inflammation, and usually some loss of muscle function |
| First stage of tx for strains | reduce swelling and pain by doing RICE for 24 - 48 hours and OTC meds to decrease pain and inflammation |
| Rehab for strains | exercise program designed to prevent stiffness, improve ROM, and restore the joint's normal flexibility and strength |
| Sprain | results from a fall, a sudden twist, or a blow to the body that forces a joint out of its normal position |
| Signs and sxs of a sprain | pain, swelling, bruising, and loss of the ability to move and use the joint |
| Grade I sprain | mild sprain that causes overstretching or slight tearing of the ligament, but no joint instability |
| Grade II sprain | moderate sprain that causes partial tearing of the ligament and is characterized by bruising, moderate pain, and swelling. May need an X-ray |
| Grade III sprain | severe sprain that completely tears or ruptures a ligament. Pt is unable to put weight on the joint. X-Ray needed |
| Tendon | tough, flexible band of fibrous tissue that connecgts a muscle to a bone |
| Tendonitis | inflammation of a tendon |
| Most common cause of tendonitits | overuse |
| Most common site for sprain | ankle |
| Tx for tendonitis | avoidance of aggravating movement |
| Inflammation of a bursa | bursitis |
| Function of a bursae | decrease friction between two surfaces |
| Contusion | direct blow or blunt injury that does not break the skin |
| Contusions usually injure the blood vessels underneath the skin which results in a | bruise |
| RICE | rest, ice, compression, and elevation |
| Signs and sxs of contusions are | swelling, pain, redness, and ecchymosis |
| Ecchymosis | bruising |
| Swelling | edema |
| What causes ecchymosis to change colors? | progressive degeneration or break-down of RBC's |
| Do bruises change colors? | yes from blue to green, to purple, to brown and then yellow |
| Complication of contusions if not managed properly? | myositis ossificans |
