| A | B |
|---|
| Paul III | Led the Catholic Church reform movement. He wanted to revive the moral authority of the church and roll back Protestant tide. |
| Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor who told Luther to give up his writings |
| Medici family | Florence family that organized a successful banking business; |
| Leonardo da Vinci | famous painter who made sketches of nature and models, dissected corpses to learn how bones and muscles work |
| Michelangelo | sculptor, engineer, painter, architect and poet |
| Raphael | studied works of Leonardo and Michelangelo, did a lot of paintings of the madonna (mother of Jesus). |
| Castiglione | wrote "The Book of the Courtier" describing manners, skills learning and virtues that a member of the court should have |
| Machiavelli | wrote a handbook for rulers on how to gain and maintain power called "The Prince" |
| Albrecht Dürer | the "German Leonardo" who did engravings etching designs on metal plates with acid |
| Desiderius Erasmus | Dutch priest and humanist who used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the New Testament |
| Thomas More | English humanist, wrote "Utopia" describin an ideal society where men and women live in peace & harmony |
| Johann Gutenberg | a German who printed a complete edition of the Bible using a printing press |
| Shakespeare | English poet and playwright, wrote 37 plays between 1590 -1613. Applied universal themes to everyday life. |
| Elizabeth I | enforced reforms of church that were a compromise between Protestant and Catholic practices, but England was made firmly a Protestant nation |
| Thomas Cranmer | wrote Book of Common Prayer that created moderate form of Protestant service keeping many Catholic doctrines. |
| Ignatius of Loyola | a Spanish knight who founded new religious order in 1540, the Society of Jesus: the Jesuits |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish scholar who proposed the heliocentric (sun-centered) model of the universe |
| Isaac Newton | proposed the idea of gravity - that it was the force that keeps the planets in their orbits. Published "Mathematical Principles of Natural philosophy" |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian navigator who asked Portuguese for their shelp. Wanted to reach the Indies by sailing west. |
| Hernan Cortes | Spanish explorer who landed on Mexican coast in 1519. Cortés and allies captured and demolished Tenochtitlán - then built Mexico City |
| Francisco Pizarro | explorer who arrived in Peru just after Atahualpa (Incan leader) beat brother in civil war; Pizarro captured Atahualpa |
| Prince Henry "The Navigator" | Portuguese, traveled the w. coast of Africa and charted maps along the way, had a school for navigators...invented the caravel |
| Vasco de Gama | First to reach w. coast of India and eventually made profits from spices, many of his men died from scurvy but they made their mark establishing a route to India...peace treaty between Africa and Portugal |
| Ferdinand Magellan | from Spain and sailed around the tip of S. America, thought the spice islands were a 3 wk. voyage from that point...first person to circumnavigate the globe even though he was killed by Phillipino natives |
| Bartholomew Dias | opened a sea route to Asia...first person to sail all around Africa |
| Henry IV | Huguenot prince over the French throne, became a Catholic, Edict of Nantes, laid foundation for royal absolutism |
| Cardinal Richelieu | took over as chief minister when Henry IV's son inherited throne, tried to destroy the Huguenots & nobles since they opposed royals |
| Charles V | Grand son of Ferdinand & Isabella, heir of Austrian Hapsburgs |
| Louis XIV | The Sun King, ruled during "the Fronde", appointed "intendants" - royal officials who collected taxes, under him Fr. army became strongest, built Versailles, ruled longer than any monarch - 72 years |
| Jean Baptiste Colbert | Louix XIV finance minister. Imposes mercantilist polices to bolster economy, encouraged industries. Put high tariffs on imported goods to help french manufactures. Fostered overseas colonies |
| Philip V | Louis XIV's grandson, 1700 inherited Spanish throne - his g.father had wanted Spain & France to unite, but never did |
| Oliver Cromwell | Leader of the Rounheads. organized New Model Army made up of officers selected for social skills instead of class. Leader of the Commonwealth of England |
| Miguel de Cervantes | Most important writer of spains Golden Age. Don Quixote |
| Philip V | Louix XIV grandson, also inherited the Throne of Spain. Led to the War of Spanish Succession |
| William III and Mary | New rulers after James II. Before they were crowned they had to sign the English Bill of Rights |
| Frederick William I | Prussian Ruler. Won over prussian nobels by giving them postions in army and government. Emphasis on military values |
| Frederick II | Son of Frederick William I. Not military inclined at all. Father imprisoned him when he tried to escape the country. However, when gained the crown went on a strong military campaign. Forced people to recognize power of Prussia. Frederick the Great. |
| Maria Theresa | Emperor Charles VI daughter. Convinced many to let her be his heir. After he died they ignored this |
| Martin Luther | German Monk who wrote the 95 Theses against indulgences and protested against the Catholic church. Excommunicated by Pope Leo X, and banished by Charles V. Believed that everyone had equal access to god and religion. Printing press helped spread his word. |
| John Calvin | Wrote a book on how to organize a Protestant church. Believed in Predestination. Started a theocracy in Geneva. Very strict society. There was a lot of tension between Calvinism, Catholics and Lutherans. |
| Henry VIII | King of England. Created the Church of England because he wanted a divorce from his wife and the Catholic church wouldn’t grant it. English Church was now under Henry’s control; he was the head of the church. |
| Thomas Crammer | Archbishop of the new Church of England. Successfully annulled Henry’s marriage. |
| Francis Bacon | Dedicated himself to understanding how truth is determined. Rejected Aristotle’s ideas. Argued truth is known at the end of an inquiry. Stressed experimentation and observation. Wanted practical technologies to make life better |
| Descartes | Rejected Aristotle’s idea. Emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding. Wrote Discourse of Method. Explains how he searches for provable knowledge. |
| Amerigo Vespucci | Italian sea captain wrote a journal describing his voyage to Brazil |
| Pope Alexander VI | Created the Line of Demarcation. Asked to do so by Ferdinand and Isabella to help support Spain’s claim to the new world. |
| Bartolome de las Casas | Spanish priest who condemned the evils of the encomienda system. Pleaded with the King to end the system. King passed a law ending the enslavement of Indians. Spain was to far away to enforce |
| Stuart Kings | Believed in Divine Right and didn’t get along with Parliament |
| Peter the Great | Tsar of Russia who put Russia on the toad to becoming a great power. Brought Western ideas to Russia. Was an Absolute Ruler. Very controlling of Nobles. Allowed the to practice serfdom. Expanded Russia Borders |
| Catherine the Great | Absolute ruler of Russia. Embraced Western Idea. Student of French thinkers and brought their ideas to Russia. Exempted the Boyers from taxes, increased serfdom |
| Louis XVI | Ran up a lot of debts. Not a god king. Chose a good financial advisor. |
| Jaques Necker | a financial expert chosen by Louis XVI; he encouraged the king to reduce court spending, reform government, and abolish tariffs |
| Marquis de Lafayette | Wrote the 1st draft of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. Also helped with American revolution. |
| Olympe de Gouges | a French journalist who demanded equal rights in her Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen |
| Robespierre | a shrewd lawyer and politician who quickly rose to the leadership of the Committee of Public Safety; he was known for his dedication to the revolution and was beloved by the Jacobins |
| Napoleon | a popular military hero who had won a series of brilliant victories against the Austrians in Italy; he later became ruler of France |
| Horatio Nelson | British Admiral who defeated the French fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar off the coast of Spain. |
| Joseph Bonaparte | Napoleons brother, placed on the throne of Spain once Napoleon conquered. Representative of the forceful diplomacy that Napoleon used. |
| Louis XVIII | King of France after Napolean abdicated the throne. Rough rise to the throne. Agreed to accept Napoleonic Code and honor land settlements. Emigres rushed back to get revenge. Economic Depression. Fled the country when Napoleon returned. |
| Duke of Wellington | British General in the battle of Waterloo. British crushed the French after a 6 day battle |
| General Blucher | Prussian commander at battle of Waterloo. Crushed the French Napoleon forces |
| Clemens von Metternich | Austrian Leader. Congress of Vienna representative to restore stability of Europe. Wanted to restore things the way they were in 1792 |
| Tsar Alexander I | Russian Leader. Congress of Vienna representative to restore stability of Europe. Wanted a holy alliance of Christian Monarchs to suppress future revolutions |
| Robert Castlereagh | British Leader. Congress of Vienna representative to restore stability of Europe. Determined to prevent a revival of French military power. |
| Talleyrand | French leader. Congress of Vienna representative to restore stability of Europe. Played the other leaders against one another, so France would be accepted as an equal. |
