| A | B |
|---|
| humanism | focused on worldly subjects rather than religious issues....based on the study of classical culture. Hoped to use wisdom of the ancients to increase their understanding of their own times. Humanists believed that education should stimulate an individual's creative powers. |
| perspective | a new technique for representing both humans and landscapes in a realistic way...making distant objects smaller than those close to the viewer and appeared 3 dimensional |
| Council of Trent | a meeting that the Pope called in 1545 to see how the church should be reformed. Met on and off for 20 years! |
| heliocentric | sun-centered model: The sun sits at the center of the universe. |
| scientific method | Step by step process of discovery |
| conquistadors | Spanish military men, conqueror |
| encomiendas systems | a system of forced labor under brutal conditions...(used in mines as well as on plantations) |
| viceroys | king's "spokesperson", governors |
| Absolute Monarch | A ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people |
| Divine Right | The believe that authority to rule came directly from God. Belief of Philip II |
| Spanish Armada | The huge fleet of 130 ships Philip sent to invade England. England won the battle. Begining of the Spanish fall from power |
| Edict of Nantes | 1589, Granted the Huguenots religous toleration and other freedoms in France |
| Balance of Power | Led by the Dutch and English. Goal was to maintain a distribution of military and economic power among European nations to prevent any one country from dominating. |
| War of Spanish Succession | England led a war to prevent the union of France and Spain during the rule of Philip V |
| Dissenters | Protestants who differed with the Church of England |
| Puritans | Sought to purify the church of Catholic praises. Believed in simpler services and a more democratic church with no bishops. |
| English Bill of Rights | Ensures superiority of Parliament over the monarchy. Required monarch to summon parliment reguarly, gave House of Commons power of the purse, king and queen couldn't interviene in Parliament debate or suspend laws. No Roman Catholic on the throne. Affirmed habeas corpus |
| Glourious Revolution | Bloodless overthow of King James II by William III and Mary |
| Cabinet | Handfull of parliamentary advisors who set policy for the king |
| The Long Parliament | On and off from 1640-1653. Actions triggered the greatest political revolt in English history |
| natural right | John Locke believed that people had certain natural rights, or rights that belonged to humans from birth....life, liberty and property. |
| natural law | rules discoverable by reason that govern scientific forces such as gravity and magnetism |
| social contract | an agreement that Thomas Hobbes said people enter into. They give up their freedom for an organized society. |
| ancien regime | old order; system of government in pre-revolution France |
| bourgeoisie | the French middle class |
| cahier | notebook used during the French Revolution to record grievances |
| faction | dissenting group of people |
| emigre | person who flees his or her country for political reasons |
| republic | system of government in which officials are chosen by the people |
| suffrage | the right to vote |
| guillotine | device used during the Reign of Terror to execute thousands by beheading |
| nationsalism | a strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country |
| plebiscite | ballot in which voters have a direct say on an issue |
| guerrilla warfare | fighting carried on through hit and run raids |
| scorched-earth policy | military tactic in which soldiers destroy everything in their path to hurt the enemy |
| legitimacy | principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon was restored |
| Indulgences | In the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person’s lifetime. Granted by paying money |
| Predestination | Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation |
| Theocracy | Government run by religious leaders |
| intendant | Official appointed by French King Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers |
| levee | Morning ritual during which nobles would wait upon French king Louis XIV |
| Limited monarchy | Government in which constitution or legislative body limits the monarchs powers |
| Constitutional government | Government whose power is defined and limited by law |
| Autocratic | Having unlimited power |
| Laissez faire | Policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interferences |
| Popular sovereignty | Basic principle of American system of government which asserts that the people are the source of any and all governmental power, an government can exist only with the consent of the governed |
| Federal republic | Government in which power is divided between the national, or federal, government and the states |
| Guerrilla warfare | Fighting carried on through hit-and-run raids |
| Scorched earth policy | Military tactic in which soldiers destroy everything in their path to hurt the enemy. |
| legitimacy | Principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French revolution or napoleon were restored |
