| A | B |
|---|
| Genes | factors that control traits |
| Hybrid | an organism that has two different alleles for a triat (also called heterozygous) |
| Heterozygous | an organism that has two different alleles for a trait (also called hybrid) |
| AA | two dominant alleles, homozygous or purebred |
| Aa | one dominant and one recessive allele, hybrid or heterozygous |
| Allele | different forms of a gene |
| Probability | number that describes how likely it is that a specific event will occur |
| Punnett Square | shows all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross |
| Genotype | organism's genetic makeup or allele combination |
| Phenotype | Organism's physical appearance |
| Chromosome Theory of Inheritance | genes are carried from parents to offspring on chromosomes |
| Meiosis | chromosome pairs separate and are distributed into new sex cells |
| Chromosomes | made up of many genes joined together |
| Messenger RNA | copies the coded message from DNA and carries it to the cytoplasm |
| Transfer RNA | carry amino acids and add them to the growing protein |
| Ribosomes in the Cytoplasm | where protein synthesis takes place |
| Uracil | nitrogen base that is in RNA but not DNA |
| Mutation | any change in a chromosome or gene |
| Multiple Alleles | three or more forms of a gene that control a single trait |
| XY | combination of alleles that result in a male human being |
| XX | combination of alleles that result in a female human being |
| X and Y chromosomes | where sex-linked genes are located |
| Cystic Fibrosis | genetic disorder that causes the body to produce unusually thick mucus |
| Hemophilia | genetic disorder in which blood does not clot that is caused by recessive allele on the X chromosome |
| Down Syndrome | caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21, caused when chromosomes fail to seperate during meiosis |
| Sickle-cell Disease | genetic disorder that results in abnormally shaped blood cells |
| D | dominant allele |
| d | recessive allele |
| codominance | alleles that are neither dominant nor recessive |
| genetic code | order of nitrogen bases along a gene |
| amino acid | a set of three bases codes for one of these, make up proteins |
| environment | can change the effect's of a person's genes |
