| A | B |
|---|
| classics | A literary work of ancient Greece or Rome. The languages and literature of ancient Greece and Rome. |
| humanism | The study of the classics. |
| petrarch | Italian poet, scholar, and humanist who wrote 366 sonnets that showed his love for a woman named Laura. |
| dante | An Italian poet famous for 'The Divine Comedy' -- a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil. |
| Chaucer | English poet who wrote 'The Book of the Duchess' (1369), 'Troilus and Criseyde (c.1385), and his masterwork, 'The Canterbury Tales' (1387-1400). |
| Thomas More | stateman and friend of Erasmus: wrote a book that criticized his society by compairing it with an ideal society where all citizens are equal and prosperous. It was called 'Utopia'. |
| Cervantes | Spanish writer best remembered for 'Donte Quixote' which satirizes chivalry and influenced the development of the novel form.(1547-1616) |
| Milton | English poet and scholar who is best known for the epic poem 'Paradise Lost'(1667), an account of humanity's fall from grace. |
| Machiavelli | Italian political theorist whose book 'The Prince'(1513) describes the achievement and maintenance of power by a determined ruler indifferent to moral considerations. |
| Michelangelo | Sculptor who moved to Rome to sculpt works for the Pope. One of his sculptures was 'David'. |
| Leonardo da Vinci | He explored painting, sculpting, architecture, music, engineering, and science. Da Vinci studied the anatomies of people, animals, and plants. His artwork ranges from flying machines to caricatures. |
| differences between renaissance & medieval art | Artwork from the Renaissance shows depth and perspectives not to mention that the subjects of the paintings look more realistic. In Medieval work the paintings look flat and unreal. The subjects of the two types of work are different as well, in Renaissance artists would paint anything from biblical figures to Greek and Roman mythology. The artists of the Middle Ages were restricted to just biblical figures. |
| depth | The measurement or sence of distance from an observation point, such as linear perspective in painting. |
| perspective | The technique of representing three-dimensional objects and depth relationships on a two-dimensional surface. |
| Gutenburg | he invented printing from a movable type in Europe: supplied the needs for more and cheaper reading matter and expanded learning and communication. |
| Indulgences | The remission of temporal punishment still due for a sin that has been sacramentally absolved. |
| Black Death | An outbreak of bubonic plague that was pandemic throughout Europe and much of Asia in the 14th century. |
| Babylonian Captivity | Cement V transfers his court from Rome to Avignon because of turbulence in Rome. |
| Great Schism | In 1377, Pope Gregory XI left Avignon and returned to Rome. After his death, Roman mobs forced the College of Cardinals to elect an Italian as pope. The Cardinals later declared the election invalid, insisting they had voted under pressure. The Cardinals then elected a second pope, who who settled in Avignon. When the Italian pope refused to resign, the Church faced the dilemma of being lead by two popes. |
| predestination | doctrine of John Calvin that each person's fate is predetermined by God. |
| theocracy | government headed by religious leaders or a leader regarded as a god. |
| Anglican Church | Church of England, founded by Henry VIII, very similar in practice to the Catholic Church, but does not recognize the pope. |
| Henry VIII | The second Tudor to rule,son of Henry VII and the most powerful of all Tudor monarchs. Fought wars on European continent and began to make England a great power. Divorced Catherine of Aragon, beginning the break with the Catolic Church. |
| Catherine of Aragon | Had six children for Henry (only Mary survives to adulthood) but he divorced her. |
| Anne Boleyn | Henry VIII's second wife who he thought could bring more children. Elizabeth I was her only child. |
| Pope Clement VII | He was an Italian Prince, a de Medici, a diplommat(at first), and a spiritual ruler (later). He was the pope who fought Henry over the issue of divorse. |
| Bloody Mary I | English Queen and daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. A Catholic, she killed many Protestants by burning them and got the nickname Bloody Mary. |
| Elizabeth I | Mary's Protestant half sister (daughter of Hrnry VIII and Anne of Boyeln) who wanted to unite her people so she made the English Church Protestant with Catholic features. Was a great ruler of England, she refused to marry, was queen during the defeat of the Spanish Armada and the time of Shakespeare. |
| Act of Supremecy | recognizes the English Monarch as the supreme head of the Church of England. Approved by - Henry VIII. |
| counter-reformation | a movement in the 1500's to reform the Catholic church and to work against Protestantism. |
| Council of Trent | put an end to many church abuses that had been practice for centuries: decided that each diocese had to establish a seminary, or training school, for the proper education of priests; decided to maintain the elaborate art and ritual of the Chruch and that the mass should not be held in Latin. |
| Index of Forbidden Books | published by the Inquisition in 1543. |
| Ignatius of Loyola | organized a group of followers to spread Catholic teachings and developed a set of spiritual exercises to help people achieve inner peace. |
| Jesuits | were the "Society of Jesus" and pledged absolute obedience to the pope, wore the black robes of monks and lived simple lifes but did not withdraw from the world. |
| mercantalism | economic policy of European nations in the 1600's, equating wealth and power. |
| balance of trade | difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over a period of time. |
| joint-stock company | trading venture that sold shares to divide costs and profits. |
| triangular trade | three-directional trade route between Europe, Africa, and America in the 1600's |
