| A | B |
|---|
| Old Stone Age | nomads |
| New Stone Age | permanet homes |
| neanderthals | first homosapiens |
| cro-magnons | earliest homo sapiens in europe |
| domesticate | tamed for human purpose |
| artisan | worked skill in a craft |
| cultural diffusion | exchanging of goods and ideas when cultures come in contact |
| sumerians | civilization in fertile creseant |
| city state | independent state, consisting of a city adn teh surrounding land and villages |
| cuneiform | sumerian writing |
| hammurabi's Code | law covering entire region |
| Monarchy | kings and queens rule |
| dynasty | line of rulers from one family |
| narmer | conquered lower egypt and built capital at memphas |
| theogracy | gov't in which the same person is religious leader and political leader |
| pyramids | eternal place of rest for thier kings |
| pharoah | king |
| egyptian society | royalty, nobles, preist, then artisans, scribes, merchants, lastly farmers |
| hieroglyphics | ancient egyptian writing |
| minoans | first civilization in greece lived in crete |
| mycanaeans | invaded crete, live in main land |
| homer | greek poet, blind |
| greek religion | polytheisum |
| polis | city state |
| phalanx | rows of foot soldiers closely arranged with thier sheilds forming a solid wall |
| oligarchy | few wealthy people hold power over a larger group of people |
| draco | first tyrant, improved the code of laws |
| solon | cancled dept for the poor, made slavery for debt illegal, |
| pisistratos | took power by force,gave more land to farmers, improved water supply |
| cleisthenes | divided athens into 10 districts |
| athenian democracy | direct democracy all people participated |
| persian wars | forced to act asa one country, formed delian league |
| sophocles | a tragedian who served in athenian army |
| sophists | professional teachers |
| socrates | philosopher, put to death because he believed in absolute truth rather than relative, drank poison |
| plato | socrates pupil, philosopher |
| aristotle | philosopher, studied w/ plato"master of those who know" |
| hippocrates | father of medicine |
| hellenistic culture | when hellenic ways of lkife mixed w/ elements of middle eastern culture to form a new culture |
| Alexander the Great | king, Olympias son |
| Phillip II | 359 became king of macedonia |
| etruscans | ruled norhtern italy |
| patricians | latin nobles, aristocrates |
| plebians | weatly nonaristocratict townspeople |
| tribunes | chosen representatives |
| trajan | increased empire to greatest size |
| hadrian | strengthened roman borders |
| marcus Aurelius | empirea t height of economic prosperity |
| Antonius Pius | maintained empires prosperity |
| julius caesar | aristacratic, tooka military control |
| Marc Antony | married cleopatra, top gov't officer fo caesars |
| octavian | ruler of Rome also named Augustus |
| Tiberius | accused innocent people of treson against him |
| Caligela | mentally ill |
| Claudius | reowned scholar, difficuly focusing on state affairs |
| Nero | cruel and probably insane willing to bankrupt rome |
| Pax Romana | 200 years of peace |
| rise of christianity/ jesus | preached a new message to his fellow jews and won disciples |
| Constantine | ruler of rome, formed constantinople |
| Theodosius | emporor made christianity offical religion of roman empire |
| Constantinople | byzantine capital |
| Justinian | son of prosperous peasant from macedonia, |
| theodora | justinians wife |
| icons | images of saints |
| iconoclastic | image breakers |
| schism | seperation |
| theology | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
| mosaic | pictures made of many tiny pieces of colored glass or flat sore set in plaster |
| Illuminated manuscripts | books decorated w/ elaborate designes |
| Monasteries | religious communities |
| Missionaries | people who carry a religious message |
| seljuk turks | came from central asia converted to islam |
| ottoman turks | 1453 attacked Byzantine |
| istanbul | constantinople |
| muhhamed | prophet of Islam born in Mecca in 570 A.D. |
| revelation | vision |
| Koran | bible |
| five pillars | fiath, prayer, alms, fasting, pilgrimage |
| mosque | building that may serve as a place of worship, school, court of law, shelter |
| Sunni Muslims | followers fo the way |
| Shite | followers of Ali |
| Abbasids | astablished bagdad |
| Umayyads | built powerful state, streesed political power |
| Islamic achievements | arabic numbers, the concept of zero, invented algebra, developed trigonometry, said earth was round, accurate map of eastern hemisphere |
| clovis | brutal and wily warrior, king of franksfirst germanic ruler to acccept Catholism |
| charles mantel | led defense at Tours |
| Vikings | from scandanavia |
| Homage | ties between the a lord and a vassal |
| Tournaments | sets of games |
| code of chivalry | to be brave, fight fairly, keep promises, defend chuch, treat women of royal birth in a courteous manner |
| Manorialism | system of agriculture |
| Hesery | denial of basic church teachings |
| excommunication | being thrown out of a church |
| Anglo-Saxon | ruled England, intersted in the revival of learning. Founded schools |
| Norman conquests 1060 | William w/ 6000 soldiers invaded England |
| William the conquerer | leading normans to victory in teh battle of hastrings |
| grand jury | group of men who submitted teh naes of people susupected of crimes |
| petit jury | jury used in those cases |
| Magna Carta | placed clear limits on royal power. Assured freemen the right of trial by jury |
| Guild | merchant, organized themsleves into buisness associations |
| Hundred Years War | feudal disputs often led to wars among Europe's monarchies. Between England and France |
| Joan of Arc | French peasant girls, left home at 17 insisting she heard messages from god telling her to drive out the English from France. Burned at the stake as a witch and a heretic |
| Maya | religion center of life, believed in 2 levels of existance, present day life and otherworld collapsed by mysterious disapperance |
| Aztecs | emphasis of war and sacrifices Spaniards invaded |
| Tenochtitlan | Aztec captial |
| hierarchy | levels of gov't w/ the most powerfula t the top |
| incas | located along pacific ocean in andeas mountains in South America |
| Cuzco | Incas capital |
| Atahualpa | Inca ruler |
| Francisco Pizzarro | conquered Incas |
