| A | B |
|---|
| Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) | Associative Learning |
| A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience | Learning |
| A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events | Classical Conditioning |
| The view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes | Behaviorism |
| In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus | Unconditioned Response (UR) |
| In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response | Unconditioned Stimulus (US) |
| The learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus | Conditioned Response (CR) |
| An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
| The initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response | Acquisition |
| A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus | Higher-Order Conditioning |
| The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced | Extinction |
| The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | Spontaneous Recovery |
| The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses | Generalization |
| In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | Discrimination |
| Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | Respondent Behavior |
| A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | Operant Conditioning |
| Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences have become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | Law of Effect |
| In operant conditioning research, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer | Operant Chamber |
| An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | Shaping |
| In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | Reinforcer |
| Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food | Positive Reinforcement |
| Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock | Negative Reinforcement |
| An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | Primary Reinforcer |
| A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer | Conditioned Reinforcer |
| Ways of acquiring behavior | Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Observational Learning |
| Does not elicit a response of interest | Neutral Stimulus |
| The belief that any animal can be taught any response | Equipontentiality |
| Rewarding a behavior every time the first new behavior is reached | Continuous Reinforcement |
| Provides reinforcement after a set number of responses | Fixed Ratio |
| Provides reinforcement based on a number of bar presses, but the number varies and is not predictable | Variable Ratio |
| Certain amount of time elapses before the behavior gets reinforced | Fixed Interval |
| Varies amount of time required to elapse before a response will be reinforced | Variable Interval |
| Animals will not go against instinctive behavior, even for rewards | Instinctive Drift |
| Learning many things simply by observing | Observational Learning/Modeling |
| Two Basic Components of Modeling | Observation and Imitation |
