| A | B |
|---|
| atom | smallest particle of an element that has characteristics of element |
| isotopes | forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons |
| neutrons | neutral particles in an atom |
| protons | positively charged particles in an atom |
| electrons | negatively charged particles in an atom |
| solute | part of a solution that gets dissolved |
| solvent | part of a solution that does the dissolving |
| suspension | type of aqueous mixture with large particles that settle out over time |
| acid | solution that gives off hydrogen ions in water, low pH |
| base | substance that gives off hydroxide ions in water, high pH |
| buffer | substance that helps keep pH of a solution from changing |
| ion | form when at atom gains or loses electrons |
| compound | two or more elements that are chemically combined |
| mixture | two or more substances that are physically combined |
| polar | molecule with areas of partial charges, such as water |
| carbon | has four electrons in outer shell, makes four covalent bonds when forms compound |
| enzyme | biological catalyst, proteins that speed up chemical reactions |
| substrate | substance that is changed by an enzyme |
| active site | part of a substrate that attaches to an enzyme |
| reduction | reaction that involves gaining electron("LEO goes GER") |
| oxidation | reaction that involves loss of electrons("LEO goes GER") |
| dissociation | process where ionic compound breaks apart into its separate ions in solution |
| ionic bond | bond where electrons are transferred |
| covalent bond | bond where electrons are shared |
| organic compound | compound that always contains carbon( and hydrogen) |
| monosaccharide | simple sugar, C6H12O6, such as glucose |
| disaccharide | double sugar, such as sucrose |
| polysaccharide | complex carbohydrate, many simple sugars joined through condensation reactions |
| amino acids | 20 different units that make up proteins |
| dipeptide | two amino acids bonded together |
| polypeptide | many amino acids bonded through condensation reactions |
| nucleotide | basic unit that makes up a nucleic acid |
| fatty acids and glycerol | basic units that make up lipids |
| lipids | group of organic compounds that includes fats, oils, and waxes |
| carbohydrates | group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, and cellulose; 2hydrogen to 1oxygen ratio |
| proteins | group of organic compounds that make up cartilage, muscles, and enzymes |
| condensation reaction | joins monomers to form polymer by removing water molecules; also called dehydration synthesis |
| hydrolysis | reaction that breaks down larger molecules; involves addition of water to split molecules |
| plastids | organelles found in plant cells that contain starch, fats, or pigments(such as chloroplasts) |
| tissue | group of similar cells working together |
| organ | group of tissues that work together to perform specific task |
| organ system | group of organs working together to perform set functions |
| passive transport | transport that does not require energy input |
| active transport | transport that requires energy input |
| diffusion | movement of molecules from area of high to area of low concentration, type of passive transport |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a cell membrane |
| hypotonic solution | concentration of solutes outside cell is lower than inside cell, cell gains water |
| hypertonic solution | concentration of solutes outside cell is higher than inside cell; cell loses water |
| equilibrium | when concentration of molecules of a substance is same throughout a space |
| isotonic solution | concentration of solutes is same inside and outside of a cell, in equilibrium |
| contractile vacuole | organelles in some freshwater protists that remove excess water |
| plasmolysis | when cells are exposed to hypertonic solution and lose water, causes plants to wilt |
| cytolysis | bursting of cells that are exposed to hypotonic solution |
| facilitated diffusion | type of passive transport that assists molecules down the concentration gradient, uses carrier proteins |
| ion channels | membrane proteins that help ions diffuse through membrane |
| sodium-potassium pump | type of active transport that uses carrier proteins to build up concentration gradient |
| endocytosis | process cells use to ingest materials by forming vesicles |
| pinocytosis | type of endocytosis that involves transport of solutes or fluids |
| phagocytosis | type of endocytosis that involves taking in large particles or whole cells |
| exocytosis | process where vesicles fuse with cell membrane and dump materials out of cell |
