| A | B |
|---|
| patent | an exclusive right given to make or sell an invention |
| Second Industrial Revolution | A period of rapid growth in U.S. manufacturing in the late 1800s |
| Bessemer Process | A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities |
| Thomas Edison | An inventor who held more than 1,000 patents including the electric light bulb (1879), the direct current power plant, and the phonograph |
| Alexander Graham Bell | The inventor of the telephone which he patented in 1876 |
| Henry Ford | He was the first to implement the moving assembly line in manufacturing which greatly reduced the cost of building a product such as his Model T Car. |
| Wilbur and Orville Wright | Inventors who built a lightweight airplane that used a small, gas-powered engine. In Kitty Hawk, N.C. on December 17, 1903, Orville Wright piloted this plane. |
| corporation | a business that sells portions of ownership called stock shares |
| vertical integration | Ownership of businesses involved in each step of a manufacturing process |
| horizontal integration | owning all of the businesses in a certain field |
| trust | a legal arrangement grouping together a number of companies under a single board of directors |
| social Darwinism | A view based on scientist Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection or "survival of the fittest". Social Darwinists believed that this theory would determine which human beings would succeed in business as well as life. |
| monopoly | total ownership of a product or service |
| Andrew Carnegie | He became one of the wealthiest and most powerful men of his time at the turn of the century through the practice of vertical integration in the steel industry. He acquired iron ore mines, coalfields, and railroads needed to supply and support his steel mills. |
| John D. Rockefeller | He became the wealthiest businessman in america in the late 1800s. He formed the Standard Oil Trust using vertical and horizontal integration to drive out the competition. He owned about 90% of the oil refineries in the USA. |
| Leland Stanford | A founder of the Central Pacific Railroad and Stanford University. later in life, he argued that industries should be owned and managed cooperatively by workers to fulfill the destiny of democracy. |
| Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) | A law that made it illegal to create monopolies or trusts that restrained trade. It was largely ineffective because it did not clearly define whatt a trust was and therefore difficult to enforce. |
| Interstate Commerce Commission | It was established in 1887 by Congress to regulate the railroad industry by setting the rates that railroads could charge for different routes. |
| collective bargaining | all workers acting together in order to have a greater chance of success in negotiating with management |
| Frederick W. Taylor | Efficiency engineer who pulished a book called The Principles of Scientific Management in which he encouraged management to view workers as interchangeable parts of the production process. Factories where management followed his priciples generally had bad working conditions, more injuries, and lower morale |
| Knights of Labor | Founded in the 1870s, it was the first national labor union. Both skilled and unskilled workers were in its membership. It worked to get an eight hour workday, equal pay for equal work, and an end to child labor. |
| Terence V. Powderly | He became the leader of the Knights of Labor in 1879. He ended all secrecy within the organization and created the first truly national labor union in the USA |
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) | Unlike the Knights of Labor, it organized individual national unions such as the mineworkers and steelworkers unions. It also limited its membership to only skilled workers which gave it great bargaining power, but left out most workers. By the 1890sw, it grew larger than the Knights of Labor. |
| Samuel Gompers | Leader of the American Federation of Labor (AFL). He campaigned for basic union rights such as the right to picket, organize boycotts, and strikes. He helped organized labor gain respect |
| Mary Harris Jones | An Irish immigrant who worked for better conditions for miners. She was a fiery speaker and helped organize strikes and educate workers. |
| Haymarket Riot (1886) | In Chicago, thousands of union members went on strike for an eight hour workday. Someone threw a bomb in Haymarket Square killing eight and the police fired into the crowd killing several more and wounding 100 others. It marked the end of the Knights of Labor which was blamed for the riot. |
| Homestead Strike (1892) | Workders went on strike at Andrew Carnegie's Homestead Steel Mill in Pennsylvania. Carnegie refused to negotiate and called in strikebreakers and Pinkerton detectives to break the strike. A gun battle raged killing 16 people and the governor was forced to call in the state militia. The union was eventually defeated. |
| Pullman Strike (1894) | Workers went on to protest layoffs, cut pay, and high rents in the factory town of Pullman, Illinois. The strike stopped traffic on many railroad lines. President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to Chicago to stop the strike and the union suffered defeat. |
