| A | B |
|---|
| periosteum | strong, vascular tissue that covers the outside of bone everywhere but joint surfaces |
| compact bone | the hard, dense outer layer of bone |
| spongy/cancellous bone | the porous inner tissue of bone |
| diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| epiphysis | wide end of a long bone |
| red bone marrow | hematopoietic tissue found in the spaces of cancellous bone |
| yellow bone marrow | fatty tissue found within the shaft of long bones |
| cartilage | tissue that acts as a structural element, lines and lubricates joints, and connects ligaments and tendons to bone |
| ossification | formation of bone |
| ligament | tough band of fibrous connective tissue that links bones together |
| joints/articulations | coming together of two or more bones |
| suture joint | joint formed when two bones are very tightly held together; immoveable |
| symphysis joint | joint formed by two bones are joined by a section of cartilage; slightly moveable |
| synovial joint | formed by two bones held in close proximity by ligaments; moveable |
| synovial membrane | membrane that surrounds a synovial joint and secretes synovial fluid |
| bursa | closed sac of synovial fluid located near but not within a joint; serves as lubrication between tissues |
| axial skeleton | part of the skeleton composed of the skull, spine, ribs, and sternum; 80 bones |
| appendicular skeleton | part of the skeleton composed of the bones of the upper and lower extremities; 126 bones |
| cranial bones | bones that protect the brain |
| skull | made of cranial and facial bones and the auditory ossicles |
| facial bones | bones that make up the structure of the face |
| sternum | AKA breastbone; forms the anterior chest wall |
| manubrium | the upper part of the sternum |
| body | the middle part of the sternum |
| xiphoid process | the lower part of the sternum |
| costals | AKA ribs; protect the lungs, liver, heart, and spleen; 12 pairs |
| true ribs | the first 7 pairs of ribs; attached directly to the sternum |
| false ribs | middle 3 pairs of ribs, connected anteriorly to the ribs that are connected to the sternum |
| floating ribs | 2 bottom pairs of ribs; not connected anteriorly to the sternum |
| vertebrae | bones that protect the spinal cord |
| cervical vertebrae | the vertebrae of the neck |
| thoracic vertebrae | the vertebrae of the upper back |
| lumbar vertebrae | the vertebrae of the lower back |
| sacrum | triangular bone found at the base of the spine |
| coccyx | AKA tailbone; small bone at the end of the spine |
| clavicle | AKA collarbone; connects sternum to scapula |
| scapula | shoulder blade |
| acromion | extension of the scapula that joins with the clavicle to form the shoulder joint |
| humerus | bone of the upper arm |
| radius | bone that forms the lateral side of the forearm |
| ulna | bone that forms the medial side of the forearm |
| olecranon process | projection of the ulna that forms the point of the elbow |
| carpals | bones of the wrist |
| metacarpals | bones of the hand |
| phalanges | bones of the fingers and toes |
| pelvic girdle | bones that form the pelvic cavity |
| ilium | broad, flat part of the pubic bones |
| ischium | lower posterior portion of the pubic bone |
| pubis | forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone |
| acetabulum | socket into which the head of the femur fits to form the hip |
| femur | thigh bone; largest and strongest bone of the body |
| patella | kneecap |
| tibia | shinbone; forms the anterior of the lower leg |
| fibula | smaller, lateral bone of the lower leg |
| tarsals | bones of the ankle |
| metatarsals | bones of the foot |
| hallux | big toe |
| fascia | fibrous tissue that surrounds and separates individual muscles |
| tendon | band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone |
| contraction | occurs when a muscle shortens and pulls against its insertion |
| relaxation | occurs when the muscle fibers lengthen and stop pulling against the insertion |
| abduction | movement away from the midline |
| adduction | movement towards the midline |
| flexion | decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at the joint |
| extension | increasing the angle between two bones by straightening a joint |
| rotation | circular movement around a joint |
| supination | moving the hand or foot so the palm or sole is turned upwards |
| pronation | rotating the hand or foot so the palm or sole is turned downwards |
| dorsiflexion | bending the foot upwards at the ankle |
| plantar flexion | bending the foot downwards at the ankle |
| origin | point of muscle attachment to bone that remains stationary |
| insertion | point of muscle attachment to bone that moves |
| chiropractor | professional with specialized training in using physical means to manipulate the joints and soft tissue |
| orthopedic surgeon | medical profession that specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the bones, joints, and muscles |
| rheumatologist | medical doctor who specializes in rheumatologic, autoimmune and related musculoskeletal diseases |
| epiphyseal plate | area of bone growth (lengthening) |
| metaphysis | flared portion of bone between the shaft and the end |
| long bones | bones with narrow shaft and broad ends |
| short bones | small, irregularly shaped bones |
| flat bones | broad bones that protect soft tissues |
| sesamoid bones | small and round bones that resemble a sesame seed |
| joint capsule | fibrous capsule that surrounds the joints |
| striated muscle | muscle that can be consciously controlled ( skeletal, voluntary) |
| smooth muscle | found in internal organs (involuntary, visceral) |
| cardiac muscle | heart muscle |
| physiatrist | physician who specializes in managing and rehabilitating neuromuscular disorders and disabilities |
