| A | B |
|---|
| homeostasis | the ability of the body to maintain relative stability and to function normally despite constant change |
| endocrine glands | glands that secrete internally (into the bloodstream) |
| exocrine glands | glands that secrete externally (onto a body surface) |
| hormones | chemical messengers |
| endocrinologist | medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands |
| pituitary gland | gland that secretes hormones that control the activities of the other endocrine glands; master gland |
| anterior pituitary | lobe of the pituitary gland that produces hormones |
| posterior pituitary | lobe of the pituitary that stores and secretes hormones produced by the hypothalamus |
| thyroid gland | gland with two lobes located on either side of the trachea |
| parathyroid glands | four glands found on the back side of the thyroid; regulate calcium levels |
| adrenal glands | glands located near the upper portion of the kidneys; control electrolytes, sympathetic nervous system, sex-related characteristics |
| adrenal cortex | outer layer of the adrenal gland |
| adrenal medulla | inner layer of the adrenal gland |
| corticosteroids | steroid based hormones produced by the adrenal cortex |
| pancreas | gland that is both exocrine and endocrine; regulates blood sugar |
| pineal gland | gland found at the back of the third ventricle of the brain; controls sleep-wake cycles |
| receptors | recognition sites for hormones on cells |
| Growth hormone | hormone that promotes protein synthesis that results in development of tissues; anterior pituitary |
| Thyroid-Stimulating hormone | hormone that stimulates the growth of the thyroid gland and the secretion of thyroid hormones; anterior pituitary |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone | hormone that stimulates growth of the adrenal cortex and increases its secretion of steroid hormones; anterior pituitary |
| Follicle-Stimulating hormone | hormone that stimulates the secretion of estrogen and growth of ovarian follicles in females, and initiates sperm production within the testes in males; anterior pituitary |
| Luteinizing hormone / Interstitial Cell Stimulating hormone | hormone that stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males; anterior pituitary |
| Prolactin | hormone that stimulates breast development during pregnancy and sustains milk production after birth; anterior pituitary |
| Antidiuretic hormone | hormone that stimulates the reabsorption of water in the renal tubules and increases blood pressure by constricting arterioles; posterior pituitary |
| Oxytocin | hormone that stimulates and maintains contractions of the uterus and stimulates the release of milk from mammary glands; posterior pituitary |
| Thyroxine, Triiodothyronine | hormones that maintain the metabolic rate and are essential for normal growth and development; thyroid |
| Calcitonin | hormone secreted when blood calcium is high that decreases blood calcium by stimulating the entry of calcium into bones and promotes absorption of calcium from the digestive tract; thyroid |
| Parathyroid hormone | hormone that promotes breakdown of bone leading to an increase in blood calcium levels; parathyroid glands |
| mineralcorticoids | hormones that regulate mineral salts in the body; adrenal cortex |
| aldosterone | hormone that stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water and the excretion of potassium to regulate blood volume and pressure; adrenal cortex |
| glucocorticoids | hormones that regulate metabolism and have an anti-inflammatory effect; adrenal cortex |
| cortisol | hormone that regulates the metabolism of glucose, fat and protein while maintaining blood sugar; adrenal cortex |
| gonadocorticoids | hormones that influence secondary sexual characteristics in both males and females; adrenal cortex |
| epinephrine | hormone that acts to increase blood flow, oxygenation and release of glucose and fat for energy when the body is under stress; adrenal medulla |
| norepinephrine | hormone that constricts blood vessels to raise blood pressure when the body is under stress; adrenal medulla |
| Insulin | hormone produced in response to high blood sugar that stimulates the conversion of glucose to glycogen and helps glucose enter cells; pancreas |
| Glucagon | hormone produced in response to low blood sugar that causes the liver and fat cells to release stored glucose; pancreas |
| glycogen | storage form of glucose |
| melatonin | hormone that influences the sleep-wake cycle; pineal |
| testosterone | hormone that stimulates the development of male sexual characteristics; testes |
| estrogens | hormones that regulate the development and maintenance of female sexual characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle; promotes maturation of the ovum; ovaries |
| progesterone | hormone that prepares and maintains the uterus in pregnancy; ovaries |
