| A | B |
|---|
| Industrial Revolution | long, slow, uneven process in which production shifted from simple hand tools to complex machines. Started in Britain |
| Anesthetic | Drug that prevents pain during surgery. New industrial technology invented by an American dentist |
| Dikes | Earthen walls used to reclaim land from sea. Invented by the Dutch |
| Jethro Tull | Invented the mechanical seed drill. Helped farmers deposit seeds in rows rather than scattering them |
| Charles Townshend | Urged farmers to grow turnips which restored exhausted soil |
| Enclosure | The process of taking over and consolidationg land formerly shared by peasant farmers. Landowners in the 1700 wanted to create larger fields that could be cultivated more efficiently. Profits rose and small landowners and farm workers kicked off land or were not needed |
| Causes of population increase? | Agricultural revolution reduced the risk of death from famine. People ate better and were healthier, better hygine and sanatation. |
| Thomas Newcomen | developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines |
| James Watt | Made Newcomen's engine more efficent. Became key power source of the industrial revolution. |
| Abraham Darby and family | Pioneered new methods of producing iron. used coal instead of charcoal to smelt iron led to production of less expensive and better quality iron for parts of steam engine. His son built the worlds 1st iron bridge |
| What advantages did Briatin have to help with Industrialization? | Plentiful natural resources, natural ports, navigable rivers. Esay establishment of communications and transportation. Large supply of coal. Stable government, skilled workforce |
| Capital | Meny used to invest in enterprises |
| Enterprise | Buisness organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories. |
| Entrepreneurs | People who managed and assumed the financial risks of starting a new buisness |
| Textiles | Where the Industrial Revolution 1st took hold in Britain |
| Putting-out system | Cottage industry. Raw cotton was distributed to peasent families who spun it into thread and wove it into cloth in their homes. Artisans then finished and dyed the cloth. Cloth was processed in the home and outside of the work place. Slow system |
| Flying shuttle | John Kay. Enabled weavers to outpace the spinners |
| Spinning Jenny | James Hargreaves. Spun many threads at the same time, kept pace with the flying shuttle |
| Water Frame | Richard Arkwrights. Spinning maching that could be powered by water |
| Eli Whitney | Invented the cotton gin. Separated the seeds from raw cotton at a fast rate. Increased production of cotton |
| What did new machines do to the putting out system? | Got rid of it. New machines were more economical and faster |
| Turnpike | private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll, or fee, to use them. Goods traveled faster across Britain. |
| Canals | Faster than turnpikes at delivering and transporting goods. Cut price of goods |
| George Stephenson | developed steam powered locamotive. Created railroads which allowed for goods to be transported swiflty and cheaply over land. |
| Worlds 1st major Railroad | Went from Liverpool to Manchester in England |
| What were the benefits of inventions during Industrial Revolution? | Machines could produce large quantites of goods more efficiently and prices fell. Lower prices meant more consumers would demand them. Created a supply and demand cycle |
| Urbanization | movement of people to cities. Brought on by Industrial Revolution. Brought about by changes in farming, increases in population, demand for workers in the cities |
| Social Classes | Industrial revolution created the new middle class along wtih working class. |
| Middle class | owned and operated the new factories, mines, and railroads, among other industries. More comfortable lifestyle than working class. |
| Working class | Farm families that moved to cities. Workers inthe factores. Tough working conditions in bad environments |
| Who benefited most from the industrial revolution? | Entrepreneurs who set industrial revolution in motion. |
| Bourgeoisie | New middle class created by industrial revolution. Members came from a variety of diffrent backgrounds. Merchants, inventors, skilled artisans who developed new technologies. Took pride in hard work. Lived in well furnished houses. Not sympathetic for poor |
| Tenements | multistory living buildings for working class. No running water, no sewage. |
| Labor Unions | Workers organizations. illegal at the time, but secret unions existed. Wished to initiate worker reforms: increases in pay, but had no political power |
| Luddites | 1st instance of industrial riots. Resisted labor saving machines that were costing them their jobs. Smashed textile machines and burned factores. |
| Methodism | Workers found comfort here. People would move to cities and lost connectios with churches. John Wesley founded in mid 1700's. Stressed the need for personal sense of faith. Encouraged followers to improve themselves by adopting sober, moral ways. Tried to rekindle hope among working poor in slums. Set up Sunday schools. Help channel workers anger |
| Why were the majority of factory workers women? | Women could adapt more easily to machine, and were easier to manage. Paid less. |
| Advantages and disadvantages of child labor? | Children are quick moving. Worked in the dark with closed air vents. Hauled coal in extreme heat. |
| Positives of Industrial Revolution | New factories opened, new jobs were created. Wages rose, cost of travel with railroads decreased and people could travel more. |
| Thomas Malthus | Wrote "An Essay on the Principle of Population". Thought poverty was unavaidable because the population was increasing faster than the food supply. Proved wrong. Lassiez-Faire economist. Urged families to have fewer children |
| Laissez-Faire | "Hands off" the government shouldnt interfere in the free operation of the economy |
| David Ricardo | Iron Law of Wages. Wage incrases were futile because increases would only cover the cost of necessities. Wages high families had more childre instead of raising standard of living |
| Jeremy Bentham | Advocated utilitarianism. All actions should be judged by utility: more happiness than pain?. Gov should be involved in certain circumstances |
| Utilitarianism | idea that the goal of society should be the "greatest happiness for the greatest number". |
| Socialism | People as a whole rather than private indivduals would own and operate means of production |
| Robert Owen | Set up model community in New Lanark. Refused to use child labor. Encouraged labor unions. Created Utopian society |
| Karl Marx | German philosopher. Condemned the ideas of the Utopians. Formulated Scientific Socialism and Communist Manifesto |
| Communist Manifesto | Began spectre of communism. Struggle between social classes would lead to a classless society where all means of productions would be owned by community. Economics was the driving force of history. Have's vs. the Have not's |
| Communism | governments led by a small elite controlled all economic and political life |
| Proletariat | Have-nots or working class |
| Social Democracy | political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system. |
