| A | B |
|---|
| Pericles | Athenian General whose leadership is credited with beginning the Golden Age |
| Sophocles | Greek dramatist who wrote Oedipus Rex |
| Phidias | sculptor who sculpted the Statue of Athena at the Parthenon |
| Aeschylus | greek tragedian wrote the Oresteia |
| Herodotus | father of histroy wrote the history of the Persian Wars |
| Thucydides | Greek historian wrote a history of the Peloponnesian wars |
| Hippocrates | father of medecine developed a code of conduct for doctors called the "hippocratic oath" |
| Pythagoras | greek mathematician developed the pythagoran theorem (a2 + b2= c2) for right triangles |
| Socrates | famous Greek philosopher developed a famous teaching method, was eventually executed for corrupting the young |
| Plato | student of Socrates, wrote "The Republic" a famous political book |
| Aristotle | Greek philosopher, student of Plato, established the Lyceum and tutored Alexander the Great |
| Euclid | wrote "Principles of Geometry" and is considered the father of modern geometry |
| Draco | famous tyrant in Athens who established the first public lawcode |
| Solon | famous tyrant in Athens who worked for the good of the people by freeing those enslaved by debt and allowing more people to be citizens |
| Paul | Apostle who orignally persecuted christians, but later converted and spread christianity helping the religion become separate from Judaism |
| Patriarchs | title given to the bishops of the 5 major cities in the Roman Empire |
| The Pope | the patriarch of Rome and the religious leader for Catholic Christianity |
| Constantine | first christian emperor of Rome. Moved the capital of the roman empire from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople |
| Justinian | Byzantine empire's greatest leader |
| St. Cyril | famous Christian missionary who spread Orthodox christianity to the slavs by creating a new alphabet (cyrillic) |
| Cyrillic | The Alphabet created by Cyril to teach Christianity to the slavs |
| The Ottoman Turks | group who conquered Constantinople in 1400s AD changing the city to a center for Islam |
| Allah | Arabic word for god |
| Muhammed | founder of Islam, considered by muslims to be Allah's most important prophet |
| Pharaoh | The Title Egyptian leaders took for themselves, meaning "Great house of the King" and was believed to be part God |
| The Aryans | An early group that dominated the Indus River valley established dominance, and our credited with creating the Vedas and contributing to the establishment of the caste system |
| Siddhartha Guatama | Founder of Buddhism, He was the Buddha or the "enlightened" one |
| Darius | This was the Persian Emperor who divided the Persian Empire into provinces, so that it would be easier to govern |
| Cyrus | Persian Emperor who was known for being a tolerant ruler rather than trying to force Persian culture on the people he conquered |
| Asoka | Leader in India who sent out missionaries to try and spread Buddhism to other parts of Asia |
| The Phoenicians | civilization of sea-traders on the Mediterranean Coast |
| Abraham | Man who is credited with founding Judaism |
| The Hebrews | The group who founded the first monotheisic religion |
| Charlemagne | King of the franks who expanded France into a large kingdom and later became Holy Roman Emperor |
| Vikings | migratory group from Scandinavia who would eventually settle Russia |
| Magyars | migratory group from Asia that settled in Hungary |
| Angles and Saxons | migratory group from continental Europe that settled the British Isles |
| serfs | lowest class of people in the Feudal system who worked Nobles' land in exchange for protection |
| William the Conquerer | man who conquered England and united expanded it into a large kingdom |
| Henry II | king responsible for creating the jury system and common law in England |
| John I | English King who signed the Magna Carta |
| Hugh Capet | French king who expanded his kingdom out of Paris and saw his dynasty expand over all of France |
| Joan of Arc | French patriot who led France to victories in the 100 years war and insired a sense of French nationalism |
| The Mongols | Asian group that conquered China, India, Russia, and Arab Lands. Built largest empire Ever. |
| Genghis Khan | famous Mongol Leader |
| Ivan III | Russian leader who defeated the Mongols and took the title of Tsar |
| Ferdinand and Isabella | Spanish King and Queen whose marriage united Spain. They defeated the Moors and started the Spanish Inquisition. |
| Phillip II | Spanish leader who expanded Spain's power and built the Spanish Armada |
| Pope Urban II | Man whose famous speech helped spark the Crusades |
| Saladin | Turkish leader who reopened Jerusalem to Christians after the 3rd crusade |
| Richard I | English king who led the Third Crusade |
| Paul | one of the major apostles, he played a major role in making Christianity an independent religion separate from Judaism |
| Pope | the Patriarch of Rome, became the religious leader for the western Roman empire |
| Constantine | The first Christian emperor, he made Christianity legal in the Roman Empire, and moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople |
| Ptolemy | famous Egyptian Astronomer who made great advancements in Astronomy and planetary motion during the Pax Romana |
| The Aeneid | written by Virgil it is a great piece of Roman literature and is somewhat similar to the Odyssey |
| Germanic Tribes | Groups from Northern and Eastern Europe who invaded Rome's empire repeatedly, weakening the empire |
| Consuls | head of the executive branch in rome, elected for 1 year terms |
| Patricians | highest social class in Rome, consisted of wealthy nobility |
| Plebeians | common people in Rome |
| Hannibal | Carthaginian general from 2nd punic war |
| Venus | Roman goddess of beauty, same as Greek Aphrodite |
| Jupiter | God of Gods, similar to Greek God Zeus |
| Julius Caesar | talented general and effective leader who became dictator for life after winning a major civil war against Pompey |
| Octavian "Augustus" Caesar | nephew of Julius Caesar, became Rome's first Emperor, effective ruler who increased Rome's power |
| The Gracchus Brothers | Tribunes in Rome who tried to reform Rome |
| Marc Antony | Lt. of Julius Caesar who was defeated by Octavian in a civil war following Casear's death |
| Juno | Roman queen of the gods, similar to Greek Goddess Hera |
| Erasmus | humanist author of "the praise of folly" |
| Shakespeare | English playwright of comedies, tragedies and histories |
| Michelangelo | Renaissance sculptor and painter. Known for the Dacid and Sistine Chapel Frescoes |
| Leonardo da Vinci | renaissance artist, painter of Mona Lisa and The Last Supper |
| John Calvin | protestant reformer who believed in predestination, and established a theocracy in switzerland |
| Martin Luther | ist leader of the protestant reformation, posted the 95 theses criticizing the Catholic church |
| Henry VIII | protestant reformer who started the anglican church, because the pope refused to grant him a divorce |
| Elizabeth I | expanded the anglican church through the book of comon prayer |
| Hapsburgs | powerful family of catholic monarchs that dominated Europe and supported the pope during the 30 years' war |
| Cardinal Richelieu | French political advisor who supported the protestant side during the 30 years' war changin the focus of the war from religious to political |
| Jesuits | "scoiety of jesus" helped gain converts for the catholic church during the counter reformation |
| Gutenberg | inventor of the printing press |
| Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer who first reached India by sailing around Africa |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | Portuguese noble who established a school for navigators |
| Christopher Columbus | Sailing for spain he is credited with the European discovery of the new world |
| Magellan | Sailed for spain, first to circumnavigate the globe |
| Hernando Cortes | Spanish explorer who destroyed the Aztec empire |
| Jacques Cartier | French explorer discovered the St. Lawrence river |
| Sir Francis Drake | English explorer, circumnavigated the globe |
| Francisco Pizarro | sailed for spain and destroyed the Incan Empire |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | first peron to develop the heliocentric theory |
| Johannes Kepler | discovered laws of planetary motion |
| Galileo Galilie | developed the telescope and helped prove the heliocentric theory |
| Isaac Newton | discovered laws of gravity |
| William Harvey | discovered circulation of blood |
| Oliver cromwell | led parliament's forces (the roundheads) during the english civil war |
| Charles I | English king who led the cavaliers in the English civil war, later beheaded by Cromwell |
| William and Mary | English monarchs brought to the throne in the Glorious Revolution |
| Thomas Hobbes | English Philosopher who wrote "The Leviathan" and believed in strong central authority to rule a government |
| John Locke | author of "Two treatises on Government" who believed in natural rights of life, liberty, and property |
| Montesquieu | author of "On the Spirit of Laws" he believed in a separation of powers in government |
| Rousseau | Author of "Social Contrat" believed in broad freedoms for the people |
| Voltaire | Author of "Candide" believed in separation of church and state |
| Louis XIV | "The Sun King" built Versailles palace as King of France |
| Peter I | as Czar he "westernized" russia |
| Robespierre | led the Reign of Terror following the French Revolution |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | rose to power as emperor of France, conquered most of Europe before being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | led a revolt in Haiti, helped it earn its independence |
| Simon Bolivar | led a number of independence revolutions in South and Central America |
| Amadeus Mozart | famous classical composer from age of enlightenment |
| Eugene Delacroix | French painter of "Liberty leading the People" |
| Miguel Cervantes | Spanish author of "Don Quixote" the first modern European novel |
| Otto Von Bismarck | using his Realpolitik philosophy he was instrumental in uniting Germany |
| Count Cavour | foriegn minister of Sardinia who united N. Italy |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | led the red shirt army and united S. Italy |
| James Watt | inventor of a better Steam engine |
| Henry Bessemer | created a process for converting Iron into steel |
| Edward Jenner | scientist who developed vaccination |
| Louis Pasteur | discovered bateria and a way to guard against it |
| Adam Smith | Author of "the Wealth of Nations" defending Capitalism |
| Karl Marx | author of "The Communist Manifesto" founder of communism |
| Eli Whitney | inventor of the cotton gin |
| Matthew Perry | American admiral who forced Japan to open its ports to trade |
| Saladin | Islamic leader, recaptured Jerusalem during Crusades. Battled Richard III |
| Ivan IV (the terrible) | Russian Tsar, founded the Oprichniki, built St. Basil's Cathedral, Killed own son in fit of rage |
| Peter I | Russian Tsar, developed Russia's navy, won great northern war against Sweden, "westernized" his country, built St. Petersburg |
| Catherine the Great | Russian tsar 1700s, expanded Russia's territory with wars in south, "golden age" monarch for Russia |
| Maria Theresa | Austiran Habsburg empress 1700s, great reformer, battled Frederick II of PRussia, mother of Marie Antoinette |
| Elizabeth I | English Queen, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleynn, defeated Spanish Armada, signed new Act of Supremacy to expand Anglican Church |
| Louis XIV | "sun king" of France, built Versailles Palace |
| Louis XVI | French monarch executed in French revolution |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | French emperor following revolution. Born in Corsica, led France to great military victories but was defeated after invading Russia. Final defeat suffered at Battle of Waterloo |
| Henry VIII | English Tudor King, formed Anglican Church in order to divorce his wife Catherine of Aragon |
| Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor, declared Martin Luther a heretic, supervised Spanish colonization of Americas. Most powerful Habsburg Monarch |
| Ferdinand II and Isabella | Spanish monarchs repsonsible for "reconquista" of Spain driving out Muslims from Europe. Sponsored Columbus' journey. Marriage united Spain |
| Phillip II (Spain) | led Spanish Armada attack on England, son of Charles V, led Spain at peak of its power |
| Richard I (the lion heart) | English King, led 3rd crusade to victories over Saladin but did not reconquer Jerusalem |
| Richard III | last Plantagenet King of England, killed at Battle of Bosworth Field during War of Roses. |
| William I (the conquerer) | led norman conquest of England in 1066. Organized the Domesday Book (a census of all English land) |
| Victor Emanuel I | first king of United Italy in 1870s. |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | Final Emperor of Germany. Lost WWI |
| Nicolas II | Final Russian Tsar. Massacred by Bolsheviks during Russian Revolution. LEd Russi into and out of WWI. Incompetent, led Russia to many defeats (Russo-Japanes War) |
