| A | B |
|---|
| genes | a biological set of instructions |
| genes are located on | chromosomes |
| alleles | Any one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that may occur alternatively at a given site on a chromosome |
| homozygous or purebred | individual w/ 2 identical gene traits |
| Gregor Mendals laws | dominace, segregation, & independant assortment |
| law of dominance | individual w/ contrasting traits are crossed the other trait is masked |
| dominant gene is represented by a | capital letter |
| resessive trait is represented by a | lower case letter |
| heterozygous | one alleles is dominant and the other is recessive |
| phenotype | observable physical traits of an individual (organism or cell |
| Punnet square | diagram that is used to determine the probability of an offspring's having a particular genotype |
| law of segregation | allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at fertilization. |
| genotype | is the genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual (i.e. the specific allele makeup of the individual) |
| in the law of segregation the hidden trait becomes segrated and appears in | 25% of offspring |
| law of independant assortment | genes on different chromosomes are inherited independantly of one another |
| traits are linked when | genes for different traits are on the same chromosome |
| codominance | traits that do not show a pattern of dominance, expresses a mixture of 2 traits |
| humans have how many chromosomes | 46 chromosomes |
| 46 chromosomes or | 23 homologous pairs |
| autosomes | nonsex chromosomes |
| out osf the 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes there are | one pair of sex chromosomes |
| 2- XX chromosomes | female |
| XY chromosomes | male |
| a male needs to inherit how many genes | one gene |
| female needs to inherit | two genes- one from each parent |
| sex linked traits | A trait associated with a gene that is carried only by the male or female parent. Ex color blindeness, hemophelia |
| deoxribonucleic acid | DNA |
| DNA is made up of thousands of units called | nucleotides |
| phosphate group PO4 | a 5 carbon sugar |
| a nucleotide is composed of | a phosphate group, deoxyribose, nitrogen base |
| deoxyribose | 5 carbon sugar |
| nitrogenous base | adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine |
| nucleotides form long chains which form a | double helix |
| DNA strands replicate | make exact copies of each of themselves |
| RNA | single stranded has sugar ribose, and uracil |
| transcription | the process of forming RNA according to info in DNA |
| gene mutations | changes in the DNA nitrogenous base that cause a change in the protein formed |
